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I avoid his society

Толкование Перевод

1 I try to avoid his society

I try to avoid his society

ik probeer zijn gezelschap te mijden

English-Dutch dictionary > I try to avoid his society
2 society

plural - societies; noun

1) (mankind considered as a whole: He was a danger to society.) sociedade

2) (a particular group or part of mankind considered as a whole: middle-class society; modern western societies.) sociedade

3) (an association or club: a model railway society.) sociedade

4) (the class of people who are wealthy, fashionable or of high rank in any area: high society.) alta roda

5) (company or companionship: I enjoy the society of young people.) companhia

* * *

so.ci.e.ty

[səs'aiəti] n 1 sociedade, associação, clube. 2 coletividade, comunidade. 3 companhia, camaradagem. 4 convívio. I avoid his society / evito sua companhia. 5 alta sociedade. does she belong to society? / ela pertence à sociedade? Society of Jesus ordem dos jesuítas, Companhia de Jesus. Society of Friends ordem dos Quacres.

English-Portuguese dictionary > society
3 society

adj. maatschappelijk; van de maatschappij, "high-society"
--------
n. maatschappij; op hoog (maatschappelijk) niveau, jetset; vereniging, organizatie

society

[ səsajjətie] 〈meervoud: societies〉

1 vereniging ⇒ genootschap

2 (de) samenleving ⇒ (de) maatschappij/gemeenschap

3 gezelschap

4 〈 ook attributief〉 society ⇒ hogere kringen, beau monde

♦voorbeelden:

1 Society of Jesus • Sociëteit van Jezus 〈 jezuïetenorde〉

3 I try to avoid his society • ik probeer zijn gezelschap te mijden

→ permissive permissive/

English-Dutch dictionary > society
4 save

1. transitive verb
1) (rescue) retten ( from vor + Dat.)

please, save me! — bitte helfen Sie mir!

save somebody from the clutches of the enemy/from making a mistake — jemanden aus den Klauen des Feindes retten/davor bewahren, dass er einen Fehler macht

save oneself from falling — sich [beim Hinfallen] fangen

save the day — die Situation retten

somebody can't do something to save his/her life — jemand kann etwas [ganz] einfach nicht tun

2) (keep undamaged) schonen [Kleidung, Möbelstück]

3)

God save the King/Queen — etc. Gott behüte od. beschütze den König/die Königin usw.

4) (Theol.) retten [Sünder, Seele, Menschen]

be past saving — nicht mehr zu retten sein

5) (put aside) aufheben; sparen [Geld]; sammeln [Rabattmarken, Briefmarken]; (conserve) sparsam umgehen mit [Geldmitteln, Kräften, Wasser]

save money for a rainy day — (fig.) einen Notgroschen zurücklegen

save oneself — sich schonen; seine Kräfte sparen

save one's breath — sich (Dat.) seine Worte sparen

save a seat for somebody — jemandem einen Platz freihalten

6) (make unnecessary) sparen [Geld, Zeit, Energie]

save somebody/ oneself something — jemandem/sich etwas ersparen

save somebody/oneself doing something or having to do something — es jemandem/sich ersparen, etwas tun zu müssen

7) (avoid losing) nicht verlieren [Satz, Karte, Stich]; (Sport) abwehren [Schuss, Ball]; verhindern [Tor]

8) (Computing) speichern; sichern

save something on a disc — etwas auf Diskette abspeichern
2. intransitive verb
1) (put money by) sparen

save with a building society — bei einer Bausparkasse sparen

2) (avoid waste) sparen (on Akk.)

save on food — am Essen sparen

3) (Sport) [Torwart:] halten
3. noun
(Sport) Abwehr, die; Parade, die (fachspr.)

make a save — [Torwart:] halten
4. preposition
(arch./poet./rhet.) mit Ausnahme (+ Gen.)

save for something — von etwas abgesehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/91209/save_up">save up

* * *
I 1. [seiv] verb
1) (to rescue or bring out of danger: He saved his friend from drowning; The house was burnt but he saved the pictures.) retten

2) (to keep (money etc) for future use: He's saving (his money) to buy a bicycle; They're saving for a house.) sparen

3) (to prevent the using or wasting of (money, time, energy etc): Frozen foods save a lot of trouble; I'll telephone and that will save me writing a letter.) ersparen

4) (in football etc, to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal: The goalkeeper saved six goals.) abwehren

5) (to free from the power of sin and evil.) erlösen

6) (to keep data in the computer.)
2. noun
((in football etc) an act of preventing the opposing team from scoring a goal.) abwehren

- saver
- saving
- savings
- saviour
- saving grace
- savings account
- savings bank
- save up II [seiv] preposition, conjunction
(except: All save him had gone; We have no news save that the ship reached port safely.) außer

* * *

save

[seɪv]

I. vt

1. (rescue)

▪ to \save sb/sth [from sth] jdn/etw [vor etw dat] retten

to \save the day [or situation] die Situation retten

to \save sb's life jdm das Leben retten

to \save one's marriage seine Ehe retten

to \save the match das Spiel retten

to \save one's own skin [or hide] ( usu pej) die eigene Haut retten

to \save sb's soul jds Seele retten

2. NAUT

▪ to \save sth etw bergen

3. (keep from danger)

▪ to \save sb/sth jdn/etw schützen

God \save the Queen Gott erhalte die Königin

▪ to \save sb from himself/herself jdn vor sich dat selbst schützen

4. (keep for future use)

▪ to \save sth etw aufheben

I \save all my old letters in case I want to read them again ich hebe all meine alten Briefe auf, falls ich sie wieder einmal lesen möchte

to \save money Geld sparen

5. (collect)

▪ to \save sth etw sammeln

to \save coins/stamps Münzen/Briefmarken sammeln

6. (avoid wasting)

to \save energy Energie sparen

to \save one's eyes seine Augen schonen

to \save oneself sich akk schonen

she's saving herself for the right man sie spart sich für den richtigen Mann auf

to \save one's strength mit seinen Kräften haushalten

to \save time Zeit sparen

we didn't \save much time by taking the short cut wir haben nicht viel Zeit gewonnen, indem wir die Abkürzung genommen haben

to \save sth for posterity etw der Nachwelt erhalten

7. (reserve)

▪ to \save sb sth [or to \save sth for sb] jdm etw aufheben

I'll be home late — can you \save me some dinner? ich werde spät heimkommen — kannst du mir was vom Abendessen aufheben?

\save a dance for me reserviere mir einen Tanz

\save me a place at your table, will you? halte mir doch bitte einen Platz an deinem Tisch frei, ja?

\save my seat — I'll be back in five minutes halte meinen Platz frei — ich bin in fünf Minuten wieder da

8. (spare)

▪ to \save sb sth jdm etw ersparen

thanks for your help — it \saved me a lot of work danke für deine Hilfe — das hat mir viel Arbeit erspart

I'll lend you a bag, it'll \save you buying one ich leihe dir einen Beutel, dann brauchst du dir keinen zu kaufen

the tax changes \save me £9 a week durch die Steueränderungen spare ich 9 Pfund pro Woche

9. COMPUT

to \save data Daten sichern [o abspeichern

10. SPORT

to \save a goal ein Tor verhindern

to \save a penalty kick einen Strafstoß abwehren

11.

▶ to \save appearances den Schein wahren

▶ to \save sb's bacon [or neck] jds Hals retten

▶ to \save one's breath sich dat seine Worte sparen

▶ to \save face das Gesicht wahren

▶ to \save one's life:

Samantha is tone deaf — she can't carry a tune to \save her life Samantha hat kein Gehör für Töne — sie kann beim besten Willen keine Melodie halten

▶ a stitch in time \saves nine ( prov) was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen prov

II. vi

1. (keep for the future) sparen

I \save with the Cooperative Bank ich habe ein Sparkonto bei der Cooperative Bank

to \save for a new car/holiday/house für [o auf] ein neues Auto/einen Urlaub/ein Haus sparen

2. (conserve sth)

▪ to \save on sth bei etw dat sparen

it was a warm winter, so we \saved on electricity es war ein warmer Winter, da haben wir Strom gespart

3. AM (keep) food sich akk halten

III. n (in football) Abwehr f

the goalkeeper made a great \save in the last minute of the match der Torhüter bot eine großartige Parade in der letzten Spielminute

IV. prep ( form) außer + dat

they found all the documents \save one sie fanden alle Dokumente bis auf ein[e]s

▪ \save for... außer + dat...

the house was in good shape \save for the roof das Haus war bis auf das Dach in gutem Zustand

* * *
I [seɪv]
1. n (FTBL ETC)
Ballabwehr f
what a save! — eine tolle Parade!

he made a fantastic save — er hat den Ball prima abgewehrt or gehalten

2. vt

1) (= rescue REL ALSO) retten

to save sb from sth — jdn vor etw (dat) retten

to save sb from disaster/ruin — jdn vor einer Katastrophe/dem Ruin bewahren or retten

he saved me from falling/making that mistake — er hat mich davor bewahrt hinzufallen/den Fehler zu machen

to save sth from sth — etw aus etw retten

his goal saved the match — sein Tor hat das Spiel gerettet or herausgerissen (inf)

to save the day — die Rettung sein

God save the Queen —

to save a building for posterity — ein Gebäude der Nachwelt erhalten

to be saved by the bell (inf) — gerade noch einmal davonkommen

or butt ( US inf ) — seinen Kopf retten

or butt ( US inf ) — jdn rauspauken (inf), jdn retten

2) (= put by) aufheben, aufbewahren, aufsparen; money sparen; (= collect) stamps etc sammeln

save some of the cake for me — lass mir etwas Kuchen übrig

save me a seat — halte mir einen Platz frei

save it for later, I'm busy now (inf) — spar dirs für später auf, ich habe jetzt zu tun (inf)

save it! (inf) — spar dir das! (inf)

to save the best for last — das Beste bis zum Schluss aufheben

3) (= avoid using up) fuel, time, space, money sparen; (= spare) strength, eyes, battery schonen; (= save up) strength, fuel etc aufsparen

that will save you £20 a week — dadurch sparen Sie £ 20 die Woche

going by plane will save you four hours on the train journey —

you don't save much by taking this short cut — Sie gewinnen nicht viel, wenn Sie diese Abkürzung nehmen

he's saving himself for the big match — er schont sich für das große Spiel

he's saving himself for the right woman — er spart sich für die Richtige auf

4) (= prevent) bother, trouble ersparen

at least it saved the rain coming in it'll save a lot of hard work if we... — es hat wenigstens den Regen abgehalten es erspart uns (dat) sehr viel Mühe, wenn wir...

it saved us having to do it again — das hat es uns (dat) erspart, es noch einmal machen zu müssen

I've been saved a lot of expense — mir blieben or mir wurden sehr viel Ausgaben erspart

5) goal verhindern; shot, penalty halten

well saved! — gut gehalten!

6) (COMPUT) speichern

to save as — speichern unter

to save sth to disk — etw auf Diskette ( ab)speichern or sichern

3. vi

1) (with money) sparen

to save for sth — für or auf etw (acc) sparen

2) (inf: keep food) sich halten; (news) warten können

3) (COMPUT)

the file won't save — die Datei lässt sich nicht sichern or abspeichern
II
1. prep
außer +dat
2. conj

1) (old, liter) es sei denn (geh)

2)

save that — nur dass

* * *

save¹ [seıv]

A v/t

1. (er)retten ( from vor dat):

save sb’s life jemandem das Leben retten;

the man who saved my life mein Lebensretter;

save sb from drowning jemanden vor dem Ertrinken retten; → bacon, life Bes Redew

2. SCHIFF bergen

3. bewahren, schützen ( beide:

from vor dat):

God save the queen Gott erhalte die Königin;

save the situation die Situation retten; → appearance Bes Redew, face A 6, harmless 2

4. Geld etc sparen, einsparen:

I saved £100 on this car ich sparte bei diesem Wagen 100 Pfund ein;

save fuel Treibstoff sparen;

save time Zeit gewinnen

5. auch save up aufbewahren, -heben, (auf)sparen:

save sth for sb jemandem etwas aufheben;

save it! sl geschenkt!; → breath 1

6. auch die Augen schonen, schonend oder sparsam umgehen mit:

save o.s. (one’s strength) for sth sich (seine Kräfte) für etwas schonen

7. jemandem eine Mühe etc ersparen:

save sb the trouble of doing sth jemandem die Mühe ersparen, etwas zu tun

8. REL (from) retten (aus), erlösen (von)

9. ausnehmen:

(God) save the mark! iron verzeihen Sie die Bemerkung!;

save ( oder saving) your presence ( oder reverence) mit Verlaub

10. auch save up Geld sparen

11. COMPUT Daten speichern ( onto auf akk), abspeichern

12. SPORT

a) ein Tor verhindern

b) einen Schuss etc halten, parieren, auch einen Matchball etc abwehren:

he didn’t have to save a single shot er bekam keinen einzigen Schuss zu halten

B v/i

1. auch save up sparen ( for für, auf akk):

save as you earn Br staatlich gefördertes Sparen durch monatliche Abbuchung eines bestimmten Betrages vom Lohn- od Gehaltskonto

2. SPORT retten ( from gegen), halten

3. US sich halten (Lebensmittel)

C s SPORT Parade f:

make a brilliant save hervorragend parieren

save² [seıv] präp & konj obs oder poet außer (dat), mit Ausnahme von (oder gen), ausgenommen (nom), abgesehen von:

all save him alle außer ihm;

save for bis auf (akk);

save that … abgesehen davon, dass …; nur, dass …

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (rescue) retten ( from vor + Dat.)

please, save me! — bitte helfen Sie mir!

save somebody from the clutches of the enemy/from making a mistake — jemanden aus den Klauen des Feindes retten/davor bewahren, dass er einen Fehler macht

save oneself from falling — sich [beim Hinfallen] fangen

save the day — die Situation retten

somebody can't do something to save his/her life — jemand kann etwas [ganz] einfach nicht tun

2) (keep undamaged) schonen [Kleidung, Möbelstück]

3)

God save the King/Queen — etc. Gott behüte od. beschütze den König/die Königin usw.

4) (Theol.) retten [Sünder, Seele, Menschen]

be past saving — nicht mehr zu retten sein

5) (put aside) aufheben; sparen [Geld]; sammeln [Rabattmarken, Briefmarken]; (conserve) sparsam umgehen mit [Geldmitteln, Kräften, Wasser]

save money for a rainy day — (fig.) einen Notgroschen zurücklegen

save oneself — sich schonen; seine Kräfte sparen

save one's breath — sich (Dat.) seine Worte sparen

save a seat for somebody — jemandem einen Platz freihalten

6) (make unnecessary) sparen [Geld, Zeit, Energie]

save somebody/ oneself something — jemandem/sich etwas ersparen

save somebody/oneself doing something or having to do something — es jemandem/sich ersparen, etwas tun zu müssen

7) (avoid losing) nicht verlieren [Satz, Karte, Stich]; (Sport) abwehren [Schuss, Ball]; verhindern [Tor]

8) (Computing) speichern; sichern

save something on a disc — etwas auf Diskette abspeichern
2. intransitive verb
1) (put money by) sparen

save with a building society — bei einer Bausparkasse sparen

2) (avoid waste) sparen (on Akk.)

save on food — am Essen sparen

3) (Sport) [Torwart:] halten
3. noun
(Sport) Abwehr, die; Parade, die (fachspr.)

make a save — [Torwart:] halten
4. preposition
(arch./poet./rhet.) mit Ausnahme (+ Gen.)

save for something — von etwas abgesehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- save up

* * *

adv.

ausgenommen adv.

außer adv. v.

abspeichern v.

aufbewahren v.

bewahren v.

einsparen v.

retten v.

sichern v.

sparen v.

English-german dictionary > save
5 mal

adj.

1 bad, evil.

2 bad, poor.

3 bad, deficient, low-quality.

adv.

1 wrong (incorrectamente).

hacer algo mal to do something wrong

has escrito mal esta palabra you've spelled that word wrong

hiciste mal en decírselo it was wrong of you to tell him

portarse mal to behave badly

2 badly (inadecuadamente).

la conferencia/reunión salió mal the talk/meeting went badly

mal vestido badly dressed

oigo/veo mal I can't hear/see very well

esta puerta cierra mal this door doesn't shut properly

Haces las cosas mal siempre! You always do things badly!

3 hardly.

mal puede saberlo si no se lo cuentas he's hardly going to know it if you don't tell him

4 barely, hardly.

Mal pudimos dormir esa noche We could barely sleep that night.

m.

1 harm, damage (daño).

no te hará ningún mal salir un rato it won't harm you o it won't do you any harm to go out for a while

mal de ojo evil eye

2 illness.

mal de altura o montaña altitude o mountain sickness

el mal de las vacas locas mad cow disease

3 evil.

4 wrong.

* * *

mal

► nombre masculino

1 evil

■ el bien y el mal good and evil

■ luchar contra el mal to fight against evil

2 (daño) harm

3 (enfermedad) sickness

► adjetivo

1 (forma apocopada de malo) bad

■ este ha sido mal año de fresas this has been a bad year for strawberries

► adverbio

1 (no adecuadamente) badly

■ se portó mal con nosotros he treated us badly

2 (enfermo) ill, sick

■ me encuentro mal I feel ill, I don't feel well

3 (incorrectamente) wrong

■ lo has hecho mal you've done it wrong

4 (difícilmente) hardly, scarcely

■ veo muy mal desde aquí I can hardly see from here

5 (desagradablemente) bad

■ aquí huele mal it smells bad in here

■ como sigas así, acabarás mal if you keep on like that, you'll end up in trouble

6 (en frases negativas) bad, badly

■ la película no está mal the film's not bad

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a grandes males, grandes remedios desperate situations call for desperate measures

de mal en peor from bad to worse

estar a mal con alguien to be on bad terms with somebody

mal que bien one way or another

mal que les (te, etc) pese whether they (you, etc) like it or not

menos mal que... it's a good job that..., thank God that...

no hay mal que cien años dure nothing goes on forever

no hay mal que por bien no venga every cloud has a silver lining

mal de altura altitude sickness

mal de ojo evil eye

mal de la rosa pellagra

mal de la tierra homesickness

mal francés syphilis

* * *
1. adv.
1) badly, poorly

2) hardly

3) wrong
2. noun m.
1) evil

2) wrong

3) harm

4) misfortune

5) illness, disease
3. adj.
(see malo. Used before masculine singular nouns)

* * *

1. ADV

1) (=imperfectamente) badly

el negocio les va mal — their business is doing badly

está muy mal escrito — it's very badly written

han escrito mal mi apellido — they've spelt my surname wrong

me entendió mal — he misunderstood me

creo que me expliqué mal — I don't think I explained what I meant properly

oigo/veo mal — I can't hear/see well

lo hice lo menos mal que pude — I did it as well as I could

si mal no recuerdo — if my memory serves me right, if I remember correctly

mal puedo hablar yo de este asunto — I'm hardly the right person to talk to about this

2) (=reprobablemente)

se portó muy mal con su mejor amiga — she behaved very badly towards her best friend

• hacer mal, hace mal en mentir — he is wrong to lie

3) (=insuficientemente) poorly

la habitación estaba mal iluminada — the room was poorly lit

este disco se vendió muy mal — this record sold very poorly, this record had very poor sales

sus hijos estaban mal alimentados — her children were underfed

un trabajo mal pagado — a badly paid job

• comer mal, en este restaurante se come mal — the food isn't very good in this restaurant

la niña come mal — the girl isn't eating properly, the girl is off her food

por falta de dinero comemos mal — we aren't able to eat properly because we don't have enough money

4) (=sin salud) ill

su padre está bastante mal — her father's pretty ill

encontrarse o sentirse mal — to feel ill

5) (=desagradablemente)

lo pasé muy mal en la fiesta — I had a very bad time at the party

les fue muy mal en Inglaterra — things went very badly for them in England

¡no está mal este vino! — this wine isn't bad!

no estaría mal ir mañana de excursión — I wouldn't mind going on a trip tomorrow

• caer mal algn, me cae mal su amigo — I don't like his friend

• decir o hablar mal de algn — to speak ill of sb

• llevarse mal, me llevo mal con él — I don't get on with him

los dos hermanos se llevan muy mal — the two brothers don't get on at all

• oler mal, esta habitación huele mal — this room smells (bad)

• pensar mal de algn — to think badly of sb

• saber mal, sabe mal — it doesn't taste nice

6) [otras locuciones]

• estar a mal con algn — to be on bad terms with sb

• ¡ menos mal! — thank goodness!

menos mal que... — it's just as well (that)..., it's a good job (that)...

• ir de mal en peor — to go from bad to worse

• mal que bien — more or less, just about

mal que bien lo hemos solucionado — we've more or less o just about managed to solve it

mal que bien vamos tirando — we're just about managing to get by

• tomarse algo (a) mal — to take sth the wrong way

2.

CONJ

mal que le pese — whether he likes it or not

3.

ADJ ver malo 1.

4. SM

1) (=maldad)

el mal — evil

el bien y el mal — good and evil

caer en el mal — to fall into evil ways

combatir el mal — frm to fight against evil

echar algo a mal — to despise sth

2) (=perjuicio) harm

no le deseo ningún mal — I don't wish him any harm o ill

hacer mal a algn — to do sb harm

el mal ya está hecho — the harm o damage is done now

no hay ningún mal — there's no harm done

¡mal haya quien...! — frm a curse on whoever...!

• dar mal a algn — to make sb suffer

• darse mal — to torment o.s.

• un mal menor — the lesser of two evils

rebajamos los precios, como mal menor — we cut the prices, as the lesser of two evils

esa solución no me satisface, pero es un mal menor — I'm not happy with that solution, but it could have been worse

• parar en mal — to come to a bad end

- no hay mal que por bien no venga

- mal de muchos consuelo de tontos

3) (=problema) ill

los males de la economía — the ills afflicting the economy

4) (Med) disease, illness

mal caduco — epilepsy

mal de altura — altitude sickness

mal de amores — lovesickness

sufre mal de amores — she's lovesick

mal de Chagas — Chagas' disease

mal de la tierra — homesickness

mal de mar — seasickness

mal francés — ( Hist) syphilis

5)

mal de ojo — evil eye

le echaron el mal de ojo — they gave him the evil eye

6) LAm (Med) epileptic fit

* * *
I
adjetivo: ver malo
II
adjetivo invariable

1)

a) (enfermo, con mal aspecto)

estar mal — to be bad o ill; ( anímicamente) to be in a bad way (colloq)

me siento mal — I don't feel well, I feel ill

andar mal del estómago — to have trouble with one's stomach

éste está mal de la cabeza! — he's not right in the head

esas cosas me ponen mal — things like that really upset me

b) (incómodo, a disgusto)

tú allí estás mal — you aren't comfortable there

¿tan mal estás aquí que te quieres ir? — are you so unhappy here that you want to leave?

2) (fam) (en frases negativas) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual)

no está nada mal — he's/she's not at all bad (colloq)

3) ( desagradable) <oler/saber> bad

aquí huele mal — there's a horrible smell o it smells in here

esta leche huele mal — this milk smells bad o off

4) ( insatisfactorio)

estoy or salí muy mal en esta foto — I look awful in this photograph

le queda mal ese color — that color doesn't suit her

el arroz siempre me queda mal — my rice never turns out right

la casa no está mal, pero es cara — the house isn't bad, but it's expensive

sacarme un millón no estaría nada mal — I wouldn't mind winning a million

5) ( incorrecto) wrong

está muy mal no decírselo — it's very wrong o bad not to tell her

estuviste muy mal en no ayudarlo — it was wrong of you not to help him

6) ( indicando escasez)

estar mal de algo — to be short of something

estamos mal de arroz — we're low on o almost out of rice
III
adverbio

1) ( de manera no satisfactoria) <hecho/vestido> badly; <cantar/escribir> badly

se expresó mal — he didn't express himself very well, he expressed himself badly

te oigo muy mal — I can hardly hear you

en el colegio se come muy mal — the food's terrible at school

le fue mal en los exámenes — his exams went badly

de mal en peor — from bad to worse

2) ( desventajosamente)

se casó muy mal — she made a bad marriage

vendieron muy mal la casa — they got a terrible price for the house

el negocio marcha mal — the business isn't doing well

3) ( desfavorablemente) badly, ill

hablar mal de alguien — to speak badly o ill of somebody

piensa mal de todo el mundo — he thinks ill of everyone

4)

a) (de manera errónea, incorrecta) wrong, wrongly

lo has hecho mal — you've done it wrong

te han informado mal — you've been badly o wrongly informed

te entendí mal — I misunderstood you

b) ( de manera reprensible) badly

obró mal — he acted wrongly o badly

haces mal en no ir a verla — it's wrong of you not to go and see her

me contestó muy mal — she answered me very rudely o in a very rude manner

portarse mal — to behave badly, to misbehave

5) ( difícilmente)

mal puedes saber si te gusta si no lo has probado — you can hardly say whether you like it when you haven't even tried it

6) (en locs)

hacer mal — (AmL) ( a la salud)

esto hace mal al hígado — this is bad for the liver

comí algo que me hizo mal — I ate something which didn't agree with me; ver tb mal IV 2)

mal que bien — (fam) somehow or other

mal que me/te/nos pese — whether I/you/we like it or not

menos mal: menos mal! thank goodness!; menos mal que le avisaron a tiempo! it's just as well they told him in time!; menos mal que no se enteró! it's a good thing she didn't find out! (colloq); estar a mal con alguien to be on bad terms with somebody; tomarse algo a mal — to take something to heart

•

- mal nacido -da
IV
masculino

1) (Fil) evil

el bien y el mal — good and evil, right and wrong

2) (daño, perjuicio)

el mal que me hizo — the wrong she did me

le estás haciendo un mal consintiéndole todo — you're not doing her any good by giving in to her all the time

el divorcio de sus padres le hizo mucho mal — her parents' divorce did her a lot of harm

lo que dijo me hizo mucho mal — what he said really hurt me; ver tb mal III 6)

3) (inconveniente, problema)

los males que aquejan a nuestra sociedad — the ills afflicting our society

uno de los males de nuestro tiempo — one of the evils of our time

a grandes males grandes remedios — desperate situations call for desperate measures

no hay mal que cien años dure — nothing goes on for ever

no hay mal que por bien no venga — every cloud has a silver lining

mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos:... pero yo no soy la única - mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos —... but I'm not the only one - well, if that makes you feel better about it (iro)

- mal menor

4) (Med)

a) (liter) ( enfermedad) illness

b) ( epilepsia)

el mal — ( enfermedad) epilepsy

cuando le da el mal — when she has a fit

- mal de amores

- mal de altura

- mal de ojo

- mal de Parkinson

5) ( pena) trouble

* * *

= ill, malaise, ailment, evil, affliction, wrong, out of sorts, woe, woefulness.

Ex. Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

Ex. He interprets 'alienation' as the ' malaise that affects all of us, leaving us in some measure unable to operate in humane, supportive ways'.

Ex. In the two years that followed Woodforde had various other ailments, including an inflammation of the eyelid.

Ex. It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.

Ex. In the Netherlands there are currently some 20,000 sufferers from this affliction.

Ex. Librarians have traditionally been concerned with giving rather than selling information and information supplied negligently is dealt with by the law of torts: civil wrongs independent of contract.

Ex. For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.

Ex. 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.

Ex. In presenting this story, Amenabar has managed to avoid both saccharine sentimentality and easy woefulness.

----

* eje del mal = axis of evil.

* el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* evitar el mal = shun + evil.

* fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.

* hacer el mal = do + evil.

* mal de amores = heartache, lovesick.

* mal de Parkinson = Parkinson's disease.

* males de la guerra, los = evils of war, the.

* origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.

* para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.

* * *
I
adjetivo: ver malo
II
adjetivo invariable

1)

a) (enfermo, con mal aspecto)

estar mal — to be bad o ill; ( anímicamente) to be in a bad way (colloq)

me siento mal — I don't feel well, I feel ill

andar mal del estómago — to have trouble with one's stomach

éste está mal de la cabeza! — he's not right in the head

esas cosas me ponen mal — things like that really upset me

b) (incómodo, a disgusto)

tú allí estás mal — you aren't comfortable there

¿tan mal estás aquí que te quieres ir? — are you so unhappy here that you want to leave?

2) (fam) (en frases negativas) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual)

no está nada mal — he's/she's not at all bad (colloq)

3) ( desagradable) <oler/saber> bad

aquí huele mal — there's a horrible smell o it smells in here

esta leche huele mal — this milk smells bad o off

4) ( insatisfactorio)

estoy or salí muy mal en esta foto — I look awful in this photograph

le queda mal ese color — that color doesn't suit her

el arroz siempre me queda mal — my rice never turns out right

la casa no está mal, pero es cara — the house isn't bad, but it's expensive

sacarme un millón no estaría nada mal — I wouldn't mind winning a million

5) ( incorrecto) wrong

está muy mal no decírselo — it's very wrong o bad not to tell her

estuviste muy mal en no ayudarlo — it was wrong of you not to help him

6) ( indicando escasez)

estar mal de algo — to be short of something

estamos mal de arroz — we're low on o almost out of rice
III
adverbio

1) ( de manera no satisfactoria) <hecho/vestido> badly; <cantar/escribir> badly

se expresó mal — he didn't express himself very well, he expressed himself badly

te oigo muy mal — I can hardly hear you

en el colegio se come muy mal — the food's terrible at school

le fue mal en los exámenes — his exams went badly

de mal en peor — from bad to worse

2) ( desventajosamente)

se casó muy mal — she made a bad marriage

vendieron muy mal la casa — they got a terrible price for the house

el negocio marcha mal — the business isn't doing well

3) ( desfavorablemente) badly, ill

hablar mal de alguien — to speak badly o ill of somebody

piensa mal de todo el mundo — he thinks ill of everyone

4)

a) (de manera errónea, incorrecta) wrong, wrongly

lo has hecho mal — you've done it wrong

te han informado mal — you've been badly o wrongly informed

te entendí mal — I misunderstood you

b) ( de manera reprensible) badly

obró mal — he acted wrongly o badly

haces mal en no ir a verla — it's wrong of you not to go and see her

me contestó muy mal — she answered me very rudely o in a very rude manner

portarse mal — to behave badly, to misbehave

5) ( difícilmente)

mal puedes saber si te gusta si no lo has probado — you can hardly say whether you like it when you haven't even tried it

6) (en locs)

hacer mal — (AmL) ( a la salud)

esto hace mal al hígado — this is bad for the liver

comí algo que me hizo mal — I ate something which didn't agree with me; ver tb mal IV 2)

mal que bien — (fam) somehow or other

mal que me/te/nos pese — whether I/you/we like it or not

menos mal: menos mal! thank goodness!; menos mal que le avisaron a tiempo! it's just as well they told him in time!; menos mal que no se enteró! it's a good thing she didn't find out! (colloq); estar a mal con alguien to be on bad terms with somebody; tomarse algo a mal — to take something to heart

•

- mal nacido -da
IV
masculino

1) (Fil) evil

el bien y el mal — good and evil, right and wrong

2) (daño, perjuicio)

el mal que me hizo — the wrong she did me

le estás haciendo un mal consintiéndole todo — you're not doing her any good by giving in to her all the time

el divorcio de sus padres le hizo mucho mal — her parents' divorce did her a lot of harm

lo que dijo me hizo mucho mal — what he said really hurt me; ver tb mal III 6)

3) (inconveniente, problema)

los males que aquejan a nuestra sociedad — the ills afflicting our society

uno de los males de nuestro tiempo — one of the evils of our time

a grandes males grandes remedios — desperate situations call for desperate measures

no hay mal que cien años dure — nothing goes on for ever

no hay mal que por bien no venga — every cloud has a silver lining

mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos:... pero yo no soy la única - mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos —... but I'm not the only one - well, if that makes you feel better about it (iro)

- mal menor

4) (Med)

a) (liter) ( enfermedad) illness

b) ( epilepsia)

el mal — ( enfermedad) epilepsy

cuando le da el mal — when she has a fit

- mal de amores

- mal de altura

- mal de ojo

- mal de Parkinson

5) ( pena) trouble

* * *

= ill, malaise, ailment, evil, affliction, wrong, out of sorts, woe, woefulness.

Ex: Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

Ex: He interprets 'alienation' as the ' malaise that affects all of us, leaving us in some measure unable to operate in humane, supportive ways'.

Ex: In the two years that followed Woodforde had various other ailments, including an inflammation of the eyelid.

Ex: It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.

Ex: In the Netherlands there are currently some 20,000 sufferers from this affliction.

Ex: Librarians have traditionally been concerned with giving rather than selling information and information supplied negligently is dealt with by the law of torts: civil wrongs independent of contract.

Ex: For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.

Ex: 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.

Ex: In presenting this story, Amenabar has managed to avoid both saccharine sentimentality and easy woefulness.

* eje del mal = axis of evil.

* el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* evitar el mal = shun + evil.

* fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.

* hacer el mal = do + evil.

* mal de amores = heartache, lovesick.

* mal de Parkinson = Parkinson's disease.

* males de la guerra, los = evils of war, the.

* origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.

* para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.

* * *

mal¹

adjective

ver malo¹ (↑ malo (1))

mal²

adj inv

A

1 (enfermo, con mal aspecto) estar mal to be bad o ill; (anímicamente) to be o feel low ( colloq), to be o feel down ( colloq)

me siento mal I don't feel well, I feel ill

hace días que ando mal del estómago I've been having trouble with my stomach for some days now

lo encontré muy mal, pálido y desmejorado he didn't seem at all well, he looked pale and sickly

está muy mal, no se ha repuesto de lo del marido she's in a bad way, she hasn't got over what happened to her husband

¡éste está mal de la cabeza! he's not right in the head

esas cosas me ponen mal things like that really upset me

2

(incómodo, a disgusto): ¿tan mal estás aquí que te quieres ir? are you so unhappy here that you want to leave?

tú allí estás mal you aren't comfortable there

B ( fam) ( en frases negativas)

(refiriéndose al atractivo sexual): no está nada mal he's/she's not at all bad ( colloq)

C (desagradable) ‹oler/saber› bad

aquí huele mal there's a horrible smell in here, it smells in here

no sabe tan mal it doesn't taste that bad

esta leche huele mal this milk smells bad o off

D

(insatisfactorio): los soufflés siempre me quedan mal my soufflés never turn out right

estoy or quedé or salí muy mal en esta foto I look awful in this photo

le queda mal ese peinado that hairstyle doesn't suit her

la casa no está mal, pero es cara the house isn't bad o is quite nice but it's expensive

sacarnos un millón no estaría nada mal I wouldn't mind winning a million

E (incorrecto) wrong

la fecha está mal the date is wrong

creo que está muy mal no decírselo I think it's very wrong o bad not to tell her

está mal que le hables en ese tono it's wrong (of you) to speak to him in that tone

estuviste muy mal en no ayudarlo it was wrong of you not to help him

F (indicando escasez) estar mal DE algo:

estamos mal de dinero we're hard up ( colloq), we're short of money

estamos mal de arroz we have hardly any rice (left), we're low on o almost out of rice

mal³

adverb

A (de manera no satisfactoria) ‹hecho/organizado/pintado/vestido› badly

canta muy mal she sings very badly, she's a very bad singer, she's very bad at singing

se expresó mal he didn't express himself very well, he expressed himself badly

te oigo muy mal I can hardly hear you, I can't hear you very well

en el colegio se come muy mal the food's terrible at school

le fue mal en los exámenes his exams went badly

de mal en peor from bad to worse

B

(desventajosamente): se casó muy mal she made a bad marriage

vendieron muy mal la casa they got a terrible price for the house

el negocio marcha mal the business isn't doing very well

C (desfavorablemente) badly, ill

no hables mal de ella don't speak badly o ill of her

piensa mal de todo el mundo he thinks ill of everyone

D

1 (de manera errónea, incorrecta) wrong, wrongly

lo has hecho mal you've done it wrong

mi nombre está mal escrito my name has been misspelt, my name is spelt/has been spelt wrong(ly)

te han informado mal you've been badly o wrongly informed

te entendí mal I misunderstood you, I didn't understand you properly

2 (de manera reprensible) badly

obró or procedió mal he acted wrongly o badly

haces mal en no ir a verla it's wrong of you not to go and see her

me contestó muy mal she answered me very rudely o in a very rude manner

si te portas mal no te traigo más if you behave badly o if you misbehave I won't bring you again

E

(difícilmente): mal puedes saber si te gusta si no lo has probado you can hardly say o I don't see how you can say whether you like it when you haven't even tried it

F ( en locs):

hacer mal ( AmL) (a la salud): los fritos hacen mal al hígado fried food is bad for the liver

comí algo que me hizo mal I ate something which didn't agree with me o which made me feel bad o ill

ver tb mal⁴ m B. (↑ mal (4))

mal que bien or ( Chi) mal que mal ( fam); somehow or other

mal que me/te/nos pese whether I/you/we like it or not

menos mal: aceptaron tu solicitud — ¡menos mal! they've accepted your application — thank goodness!

¡menos mal que le avisaron a tiempo! it's just as well they told him in time!

¡menos mal que no se enteró! it's a good thing o ( BrE) a good job she didn't find out! ( colloq)

estar a mal con algn to be on bad terms with sb

tomarse algo a mal to take sth to heart

traer vt B. (↑ traer)

Compuesto:

mal nacido, mal nacida

masculine, feminine swine ( colloq), rat ( colloq) ver tb maleducado¹ (↑ maleducado (1)), maleducado² (↑ maleducado (2))

mal⁴

masculine

A ( Fil) evil

el bien y el mal good and evil, right and wrong

líbranos del mal deliver us from evil

B

(daño, perjuicio): no le perdono todo el mal que me hizo I can't forgive her all the wrong she did me

le estás haciendo un mal consintiéndole todo you're doing her a disservice o you're not doing her any good by giving in to her all the time

el divorcio de sus padres le hizo mucho mal her parents' divorce did her a lot of harm

lo que me dijo me hizo mucho mal what he said hurt me deeply o really hurt me

ver tb mal³ adv F. (↑ mal (3))

C

(inconveniente, problema): los males que aquejan a nuestra sociedad the ills afflicting our society

la contaminación es uno de los males de nuestro tiempo pollution is one of the evils of our time

a grandes males grandes remedios desperate situations call for desperate measures

no hay mal que cien años dure nothing goes on for ever

no hay mal que por bien no venga every cloud has a silver lining

mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos: … pero a mucha gente le pasó lo mismo — mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos … but the same thing happened to a lot of other people — so that makes you feel better, does it? ( iro)

todos mis amigos suspendieron también, así que mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos all my friends failed too, so that's some consolation, I suppose o so that makes things a bit better, I suppose

quien canta sus males espanta problems don't seem so bad if you keep cheerful

Compuesto:

mal menor

(entre dos alternativas) lesser of two evils

eso fue un mal menor porque se podría haber matado in fact he was lucky o he can count himself lucky, he could have been killed

D ( Med)

1 ( liter) (enfermedad) illness

2

(epilepsia): el mal (enfermedad) epilepsy

cuando le da el mal when she has a fit

Compuestos:

● mal de Alzheimer

Alzheimer's disease

● mal de amores

( fam):

tiene mal de amores he's lovesick

● mal de Chagas

Chagas' disease

● mal de (las) altura(s)

altitude sickness, mountain sickness

● mal de ojo

evil eye

le echó el mal de ojo or (CS) le hizo mal de ojo she gave him the evil eye

● mal de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease

● mal francés

( euf); syphilis

E (pena) trouble

no me vengas a contar tus males don't come to me with your troubles

* * *

mal adjetivo: ver
◊ malo

■ adjetivo invariable
1 [estar] ( enfermo) ill;
( anímicamente) in a bad way (colloq);
( incómodo) uncomfortable;
◊ andar mal del estómago to have trouble with one's stomach;

¡este está mal de la cabeza! he's not right in the head;
esas cosas me ponen mal things like that really upset me
2 (fam) ( en frases negativas) ( refiriéndose al aspecto):
◊ no está nada mal she's/he's/it's not at all bad (colloq)

3 ( insatisfactorio): estoy or salí muy mal en esta foto I look awful in this photograph;
◊ le queda mal ese color that color doesn't suit her

4 [estar] ( incorrecto) wrong
5 ( indicando escasez) estar or ir mal de algo ‹de dinero/tiempo› to be short of sth
■ adverbio
1 ( de manera no satisfactoria) ‹vestir/cantar/jugar› badly;
◊ le fue mal en los exámenes his exams went badly;

te oigo muy mal I can hardly hear you;
el negocio marcha mal the business isn't doing well;
de mal en peor from bad to worse
2 ( desfavorablemente) badly, ill;
◊ hablar mal de algn to speak badly o ill of sb

3
a) ( de manera errónea) wrong, wrongly;

◊ te han informado mal you've been badly o wrongly informed;

te entendí mal I misunderstood you
b) ( de manera reprensible) ‹obrar/partarse› badly;

◊ haces mal en no ir a verla it's wrong of you not to go and see her;

me contestó muy mal she answered me very rudely
4 ( desagradable) ‹oler/saber› bad;
◊ aquí huele mal there's a horrible smell o it smells in here

5 ( en locs)
◊ hacer mal (AmL) ( a la salud): esto hace mal al hígado this is bad for the liver;

el pescado me hizo mal the fish didn't agree with me;
menos mal: ¡menos mal! thank goodness!;
¡menos mal que le avisaron a tiempo! it's just as well they told him in time!;
tomarse algo a mal to take sth to heart
■ sustantivo masculino
1 (Fil) evil;
◊ el bien y el mal good and evil, right and wrong

2 (daño, perjuicio):
◊ el divorcio de sus padres le hizo mucho mal her parents' divorce did her a lot of harm

3 ( cosa dañina) ill, evil;
◊ los males sociales the social ills;

no hay mal que por bien no venga every cloud has a silver lining
4 (Med) (liter) ( enfermedad) illness;
◊ tiene mal de amores (fam) he's lovesick;

mal de (las) altura(s) altitude sickness, mountain sickness
5 ( pena) trouble
mal
I adj (delante de sustantivo masculino) bad
un mal momento, (inoportuno) a bad time: está atravesando un mal momento, he's going through a bad patch ➣ malo,-a
II sustantivo masculino
1 evil, wrong
más allá del bien y del mal, beyond good and evil
2 (perjuicio) harm: me ha hecho mucho mal, it really hurt me
mal de ojo, the evil eye
3 (dolencia) illness, disease: padece un mal incurable, she suffers from an incurable disease
III adverbio
1 (de mala manera, incorrectamente) badly, wrong: oye muy mal, she can hardly hear
todo me sale mal, everything I do turns out badly
me siento mal del estómago, I've got an upset stomach
menos mal que estás aquí, it's a good job you are here
2 (difícilmente) scarcely, hardly: si no me lo cuentas, mal puedo yo ayudarte, if you don't tell me I can scarcely help you
♦ Locuciones: llevar uno mal algo, to take sthg badly: lleva muy mal la muerte de su padre, he took the death of his father really badly
mal que, even if: tendremos que ir mal que nos pese, whether we like it or not, we'll have to go
mal que bien, somehow or other: mal que bien vamos tirando, we're managing quite well somehow or other
ponerse a mal con alguien, to fall out with sb
tomar uno a mal, to take sthg badly: no te lo tomes a mal, don't take it badly
' mal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agüero
- añadidura
- apestar
- apestosa
- apestoso
- atufar
- avenida
- avenido
- azotea
- berrear
- bicho
- bien
- caber
- cabeza
- caer
- café
- calcular
- caldo
- camino
- cantar
- carácter
- cardo
- chabacana
- chabacano
- chapuza
- comportarse
- comunicada
- comunicado
- conservarse
- contraluz
- contraria
- contrario
- criada
- criado
- daño
- desastre
- desencajada
- desencajado
- deslucir
- despertar
- día
- dinero
- educada
- educado
- efecto
- empañarse
- encajar
- encaminada
- encaminado
- encontrar
English:
abuse
- acquit
- act up
- agree
- along
- amulet
- astray
- bad
- bad-tempered
- badly
- barring
- best
- bile
- cheap
- cloud
- come off
- condition
- deal
- deliver
- disagree
- disapprove
- disrepair
- do
- do with
- doom
- downhill
- embody
- evil
- evil eye
- fit
- flare up
- foolish
- foot
- frown on
- gnawing
- go
- go down
- go off
- god
- going
- good
- greasy
- grief
- grim
- grin
- grumpy
- half-baked
- hash
- health
- hinder

* * *

mal

♦ adj
ver malo
♦ nm

1. [maldad]
el mal evil;
Literario
las fuerzas del mal the forces of darkness o evil

2. [daño] harm, damage;

nadie sufrió ningún mal no one was harmed, no one suffered any harm;

¿no le hará mal al bebé tanta agua? all that water can't be good for the baby;

no te hará ningún mal salir un rato it won't harm you o it won't do you any harm to go out for a while;

todas aquellas habladurías le hicieron mucho mal all the gossip hurt her deeply

Comp
mal de ojo evil eye;
echarle o CSur [m5] hacerle (el) mal de ojo a alguien to give sb the evil eye;
Arquit el mal de la piedra = the problem of crumbling masonry caused by pollution etc
3. [enfermedad] illness;
Fig
esto te curará todos los males this will make you feel better;

tener mal de amores to be lovesick

Comp
mal de (las) altura(s) altitude sickness;
mal de montaña mountain sickness;
Ven mal de páramo altitude sickness; Fam el mal de las vacas locas mad cow disease
4. [problema, inconveniente] bad thing;

el hambre y la pobreza son males que afectan al Tercer Mundo hunger and poverty are problems o ills which affect the Third World;

entre las dos opciones, es el mal menor it's the lesser of two evils;

un mal necesario a necessary evil

5. Comp

del mal, el menos it's the lesser of two evils;

la crisis pasará, no hay mal que cien años dure the recession will end sooner or later, these things never last forever;

Prov

a grandes males, grandes remedios drastic situations demand drastic action;

Prov

mal de muchos, consuelo de todos o [m5]de tontos: he suspendido, pero también mis compañeros – mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos o [m5] de todos I failed, but so did my classmates – it doesn't make it all right, just because they did too;

lo mismo pasa en otros países – mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos o [m5] de todos the same thing happens in other countries – that doesn't make it any better, though;

Prov

no hay mal que por bien no venga every cloud has a silver lining

♦ adv

1. [incorrectamente] wrong;

obrar mal to do wrong;

portarse mal to behave badly;

juzgar mal a alguien to misjudge sb;

está mal hecho [un informe, un trabajo] it hasn't been done properly;
[un producto, un aparato] it's badly made;
eso está mal hecho, no debían haberlo aceptado it was wrong of them, they shouldn't have accepted it;

está mal eso que has hecho what you've done is wrong;

hacer algo mal to do sth wrong;

has escrito mal esta palabra you've spelt that word wrong;

hiciste mal en decírselo it was wrong of you to tell him;

está mal que yo lo diga, pero esta sopa esta buenísima this soup is delicious, although I say so myself

2. [inadecuadamente, insuficientemente] badly;

creo que me he explicado mal I'm not sure I've explained myself clearly;

oigo/veo mal I can't hear/see very well;

el niño come bastante mal the boy isn't eating properly o very well;

calculé mal el tiempo I miscalculated the time;

canta muy mal she sings terribly, she's a terrible singer;

esta puerta cierra mal this door doesn't shut properly;

andar mal de dinero to be short of money;

andamos mal de azúcar we're running out of sugar;

la empresa/el equipo va mal the company/team isn't doing very well;

va mal en la universidad she's not doing very well at university;

le fue mal en la entrevista his interview didn't go very well;

el sueldo no está nada mal the pay's pretty good, the pay isn't at all bad;

ese chico no está nada mal that boy's not bad o pretty nice;

la reparación quedó mal it wasn't repaired properly;

me quedó mal el retrato my portrait didn't come out right;

la conferencia/reunión salió mal the talk/meeting went badly;

la fiesta salió mal the party was a failure

3. [desagradablemente, desfavorablemente]
encontrarse mal [enfermo] to feel ill;
[incómodo] to feel uncomfortable;
estar mal [de salud] to be o feel ill;
[de calidad] to be bad;
hablar mal de alguien to speak ill of sb;

oler mal to smell bad;

¡qué mal huele! what a smell!;
Fam Fig
esto me huele mal this smells fishy to me;

pasarlo mal to have a bad time;

pensar mal de alguien to think ill of sb;

saber mal to taste bad;
Fig
me supo mal que no vinieses a despedirme I was a bit put out that you didn't come to see me off;

me sabe muy mal que hablen a mis espaldas I don't like it that they talk behind my back;

sentar mal a alguien [ropa] not to suit sb;
[comida] to disagree with sb; [comentario, actitud] to upset sb
4. [difícilmente] hardly;

mal puede saberlo si no se lo cuentas he's hardly going to know if you don't tell him, how's he supposed to know if you don't tell him?

5. Comp

estar a mal con alguien to have fallen out with sb;

ir de mal en peor to go from bad to worse;

no estaría mal que… it would be nice if…;

tomar algo a mal to take sth the wrong way

♦ mal que loc conj

although, even though;

mal que te pese, las cosas están así whether you like it or not, that's the way things are;

mal que bien somehow or other

* * *

mal

I adj → malo

II adv badly;

mal que bien one way or the other;

¡no está mal! it isn’t bad!;

¡menos mal! thank goodness!;

no hay mal que por bien no venga every cloud has a silver lining;

hacer mal en hacer algo be wrong to do sth;

ir de mal en peor go from bad to worse;

estar a mal con alguien be on bad terms with s.o.;

hablar mal de alguien speak ill of s.o.;

poner mal a alguien criticize s.o.;

ponerse a mal con alguien fall out with s.o.;

tomarse algo a mal take sth badly;

ponerse mal get sick

III m MED illness;

el mal menor the lesser of two evils

* * *

mal adv

1) : badly, poorly

baila muy mal: he dances very badly

2) : wrong, incorrectly

me entendió mal: she misunderstood me

3) : with difficulty, hardly

mal puedo oírte: I can hardly hear you

4)

de mal en peor : from bad to worse

5)

menos mal : it could have been worse

mal adj malo

mal nm

1) : evil, wrong

2) daño: harm, damage

3) desgracia: misfortune

4) enfermedad: illness, sickness

* * *

mal¹ adj bad [comp. worse; superl. worst]

un mal día a bad day

mal² adv

1. (en general) badly [comp. worse; superl. worst]

jugaron muy mal they played very badly

se portó mal he behaved badly

2. (de manera desagradable) bad [comp. worse; superl. worst]

lo pasé muy mal I had a terrible time

3. (enfermo) ill [comp. worse; superl. worst]

me encuentro mal I don't feel well / I feel ill

4. (de forma incorrecta) wrong

lo has hecho mal you've done it wrong

5. (en frases negativas) bad

el piso no está mal the flat isn't bad

andar mal de algo to be short of something

ir de mal en peor to get worse and worse

mal³ n

1. (daño) harm / wrong

el mal ya está hecho the harm's already been done

2. (maldad) evil

el bien y el mal good and evil

3. (problema) problem

se pasa el día quejándose de sus males she moans about her problems all day long

Spanish-English dictionary > mal
6 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
7 mantener

v.

1 to keep.

mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition

mantener una promesa to keep a promise

mantener la calma to stay calm

Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.

Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.

2 to support (with scaffold, columns).

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3 to support.

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

4 to have (relationships, conversations).

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody

5 to stick to (to defend) (conviction).

mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent

mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her

6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.

Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.

Mantiene sus mismas creencias de antes He keeps his old views.

Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.

María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.

Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.

7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.

Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.

* * *

mantener

Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener

► verbo transitivo

1 (conservar) to keep

■ la policía mantiene el orden público the police keep law and order

■ la nevera mantiene los alimentos en buenas condiciones the fridge keeps food fresh

■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"

2 (tener) to keep

■ 'Mantener en posición vertical' "Keep vertical"

■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"

3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold

■ estos pilares mantienen el techo these pillars support the roof

■ no sé como se mantiene en pie con lo que ha bebido I don't know how he can stand up after having drunk so much

4 (sustentar) to support, maintain

■ ella sola mantiene a toda la familia she supports the whole family by herself

5 (afirmación etc) to maintain

■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true

6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep

■ afirma que no mantuvieron relaciones sexuales he states that they did not have sexual intercourse

■ mantuvieron una larga correspondencia they kept up a lengthy correspondence

■ mantuvimos una reunión en su despacho we held a meeting in her office

► verbo pronominal mantenerse

1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand

2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep

■ se mantuvo a distancia she kept her distance

■ se mantiene firme en sus creencias he remains firm in his beliefs

3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself

4 (alimentarse) to eat, live

■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit

■ no nos mantenemos del aire we can't live on air

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret

mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved

mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit

mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing

mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns

mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive

* * *

verb

1) to keep

2) maintain

3) hold

4) support

5) sustain

* * *

1. VT

1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support

mantén la caja un momento — hold the box a minute

los pilares que mantienen el puente — the pillars which support the bridge

2) (=preservar)

a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado — once opened keep in a refrigerator

"manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

la ilusión es lo único que lo mantiene vivo — hope is the only thing that keeps him alive o going

hay que mantener actualizada la base de datos — we have to keep the database up to date

para mantener el motor en buen estado — to keep the engine in good condition

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep your city clean

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of the reach of children

• mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

• mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

• mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

mantuvo en secreto que tenía dos hijos — she kept her two children a secret
raya I, 1)
3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

un alto porcentaje mantenía su opinión sobre la crisis — a high percentage maintained o held their opinion about the crisis

me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

una civilización que lucha por mantener sus tradiciones — a civilization struggling to uphold o maintain its traditions

eran partidarios de mantener el antiguo orden social — they were in favour of preserving the old social order

mantener el orden público — to keep the peace

• al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

• mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

le cuesta mantener el equilibrio — he finds it difficult to keep his balance

hemos conseguido mantener el equilibrio entre ingresos y gastos — we have managed to maintain a balance between income and expenditure

• mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

• mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

• mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

- mantenella y no emendalla
calma, distancia
4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

ahora tiene una familia que mantener — now he has a family to support o maintain

ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

es incapaz de mantener una conversación coherente — he is incapable of maintaining o holding a coherent conversation

en las conversaciones que hemos mantenido con el presidente — in the talks we have held with the president

¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?
correspondencia 2)
6) (=afirmar) to maintain

siempre he mantenido lo contrario — I've always maintained the opposite

2.

See:

mantenerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

----

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *

mantener [ E27 ]

vt

A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain

cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog

¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!

B

1 (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure

mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order

para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace

mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions

2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance

lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose

los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power

todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children

[ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy

[ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open

no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well

sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive

C

1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain

durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva

2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain

mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent

■ mantenerse

v pron

A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself

B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit

lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing

se mantiene al día she keeps up to date

siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance

se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute

C

(alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
‹ amante› to keep
2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;
◊ mantener la calma to keep calm;

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
3
a) ‹ conversaciones› to have;

‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
‹ relaciones› to maintain
b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
mantenerse verbo pronominal
1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;
◊ mantenerse en forma to keep fit;

la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
3 ( alimentarse):
◊ mantenerse a base de latas to live off tinned food

mantener verbo transitivo
1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
mantén la calma, keep calm
2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
(una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
4 (peso) to support, hold up
' mantener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
callarse
- conchabarse
- conservar
- conservarse
- continuismo
- escribirse
- ir
- hilo
- línea
- raya
- sustentar
- tener
- tipo
- ahuyentar
- alerta
- calma
- correspondencia
- corriente
- disciplina
- flote
- guardar
- llevar
- mantiene
- mantuve
- orden
- preservar
- sujetar
English:
balance
- bay
- buoy
- captive
- carry on
- cherish
- cool
- fire
- hold
- hold off
- house
- hygiene
- image
- keep
- keep away
- keep down
- keep up
- maintain
- order
- preserve
- provide for
- retain
- secrecy
- stall
- support
- suspense
- sustain
- swear
- track
- unionist
- uphold
- weight-watching
- white elephant
- carry
- clear
- conduct
- correspond
- credit
- door
- go
- head
- inform
- occupy
- peace
- police
- provide
- segregate
- stand
- stick
- struggle

* * *

mantener

♦ vt

1. [económicamente] to support;

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

2. [sostener] to keep;

un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3. [conservar] to keep;
[ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;

mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;

mantener la calma to stay calm;

mantener el orden to keep order;

mantener la línea to keep one's figure;

mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;

mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;

manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;

es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut

4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
[negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;

mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb

5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
[candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;

mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her

♦ See also the pronominal verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener

v/t

1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up

2 ( preservar) keep

3 conversación, relación have

4 económicamente support

5 ( afirmar) maintain

* * *

mantener {80} vt

1) sustentar: to support, to feed

mantener uno su familia: to support one's family

2) conservar: to keep, to preserve

3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain

mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence

4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm

♦ See also the reflexive verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener vb

1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]

la nevera mantiene los alimentos fríos the fridge keeps food cold

he mantenido mi promesa I've kept my promise

2. (económicamente) to support

su hijo mantiene a toda la familia their son supports the whole family

3. (afirmar) to maintain

mantengo lo que dije el mes pasado I maintain what I said last month

4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

mantén bien sujeto el cuadro hold the picture tight

Spanish-English dictionary > mantener
8 marginado

adj.

outcast, castoff, alienated, on the fringe.

f. & m.

1 outcast, dropout.

2 alienated person.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: marginar.

* * *

marginado

► participio pasado

1→ link=marginar marginar

► adjetivo

1 (proyecto) pushed aside, excluded

2 (persona) marginalized, alienated

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 social outcast, social misfit

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

sentirse marginado,-a to feel like an outsider, feel rejected

* * *
marginado, -a
1. ADJ

1) (=aislado) marginalized

un poeta marginado a lo largo de su vida — a poet marginalized during his lifetime

• estar o quedar marginado de algo — (=aislado) to be alienated from sth; (=excluido) to be excluded from sth

siguen estando marginados de la sociedad — they remain alienated from society

estos países han quedado marginados del comercio internacional — these countries have been excluded from international trading

• sentirse marginado — to feel discriminated against

los agricultores se sienten marginados por la nueva ley — farmers feel discriminated against as a result of the new law

2) (=pobre) deprived

una de las zonas más marginadas de Madrid — one of the most deprived areas in o of Madrid

2.

SM / F [por elección] outsider, drop-out *; [por discriminación] underprivileged person, deprived person

los marginados de nuestra sociedad — the underprivileged in our society

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

a) (Sociol) marginalized

b) ( excluido) excluded
II
- da masculino, femenino

los marginados de nuestra sociedad — the deprived elements o sectors of our society

drogadictos y todo tipo de marginados — drug addicts and all kinds of social outcasts

* * *

= disadvantaged, outcast, deprived, cast-off, marginalised [marginalized, -USA].

Ex. Then there are those children made to think themselves failures because of the hammer-blow terms like dull, backward, retarded, underprivileged, disadvantaged, handicapped, less able, slow, rejected, remedial, reluctant, disturbed.

Ex. This is one of the fundamental reasons why it is so important for publica libraries to become part of the networked society: in order to avoid the creation of a new underclass of Internet outcasts.

Ex. The author focuses on the development of parish libraries in deprived parts of inner Chicago.

Ex. The son of a salesman actually wrote, `I should imagine that one's fellow workers could be classed as dull, uninteresting cast-offs who have a flair for English'.

Ex. The library is located in the marginalized quarter of the city of Guatemala.

----

* barrio marginado de la ciudad = inner-city area.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* gente marginada socialmente = socially deprived people.

* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.

* marginado de la sociedad = social outcast.

* marginados económicamente, los = economically deprived, the.

* marginados, los = deprived, the, underserved, the.

* marginado social = social outcast.

* sector marginado = deprived sector.

* servicios bibliotecarios para los marginados = library services to the disadvantaged.

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

a) (Sociol) marginalized

b) ( excluido) excluded
II
- da masculino, femenino

los marginados de nuestra sociedad — the deprived elements o sectors of our society

drogadictos y todo tipo de marginados — drug addicts and all kinds of social outcasts

* * *

= disadvantaged, outcast, deprived, cast-off, marginalised [marginalized, -USA].

Ex: Then there are those children made to think themselves failures because of the hammer-blow terms like dull, backward, retarded, underprivileged, disadvantaged, handicapped, less able, slow, rejected, remedial, reluctant, disturbed.

Ex: This is one of the fundamental reasons why it is so important for publica libraries to become part of the networked society: in order to avoid the creation of a new underclass of Internet outcasts.

Ex: The author focuses on the development of parish libraries in deprived parts of inner Chicago.

Ex: The son of a salesman actually wrote, `I should imagine that one's fellow workers could be classed as dull, uninteresting cast-offs who have a flair for English'.

Ex: The library is located in the marginalized quarter of the city of Guatemala.

* barrio marginado de la ciudad = inner-city area.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* gente marginada socialmente = socially deprived people.

* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.

* marginado de la sociedad = social outcast.

* marginados económicamente, los = economically deprived, the.

* marginados, los = deprived, the, underserved, the.

* marginado social = social outcast.

* sector marginado = deprived sector.

* servicios bibliotecarios para los marginados = library services to the disadvantaged.

* * *

marginado¹ -da

adjective

alienated, marginalized

se sienten marginados they feel alienated from o marginalized by society, they feel rejected o shunned by society

marginado² -da

masculine, feminine

los marginados de nuestra sociedad the deprived elements o sectors of our society

los marginados que acudían al refugio the down-and-outs o ( AmE) the derelicts who used to come to the refuge

delincuentes, drogadictos y todo tipo de marginados delinquents, drug addicts and all kinds of people who live on the fringes of society o delinquents, drug addicts and all kinds of social misfits

* * *

Del verbo marginar: ( conjugate marginar)

marginado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
marginado
marginar
marginado
◊ -da adjetivo

a) (Sociol) marginalized

b) ( excluido) excluded

■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
social outcast
marginar ( conjugate marginar) verbo transitivo ( en la sociedad) to marginalize;
( en un grupo) to ostracize
marginado,-a
I adjetivo marginalized
II sustantivo masculino y femenino dropout
marginar verbo transitivo
1 (a un sector) to marginalize, to reject: nuestra sociedad margina a los ancianos, our society marginalizes the elderly
2 (a una persona) to leave out, ostracize
' marginado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
marginada
English:
dropout
- outcast
- reject
- drop

* * *

marginado, -a

♦ adj

excluded;

sentirse marginado to feel excluded;

un barrio marginado an area where there is a lot of social exclusion

♦ nm,f

socially excluded person;

los marginados the socially excluded

* * *

marginado

I adj marginalized

II m, marginada f social outcast;

marginados sociales social outcasts, people on the fringes of society

* * *

marginado, -da adj

1) desheredado: outcast, alienated, dispossessed

2)

clases marginadas : underclass

marginado, -da n

: outcast, misfit

Spanish-English dictionary > marginado
9 Stringfellow, John

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 6 December 1799 Sheffield, England

d. 13 December 1883 Chard, England

[br]

English inventor and builder of a series of experimental model aeroplanes.

[br]

After serving an apprenticeship in the lace industry, Stringfellow left Nottingham in about 1820 and moved to Chard in Somerset, where he set up his own business. He had wide interests such as photography, politics, and the use of electricity for medical treatment. Stringfellow met William Samuel Henson, who also lived in Chard and was involved in lacemaking, and became interested in his "aerial steam carriage" of 1842–3. When support for this project foundered, Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement "Whereas it is intended to construct a model of an Aerial Machine". They built a large model with a wing span of 20 ft (6 m) and powered by a steam engine, which was probably the work of Stringfellow. The model was tested on a hillside near Chard, often at night to avoid publicity, but despite many attempts it never made a successful flight. At this point Henson emigrated to the United States. From 1848 Stringfellow continued to experiment with models of his own design, starting with one with a wing span of 10 ft (3m). He decided to test it in a disused lace factory, rather than in the open air. Stringfellow fitted a horizontal wire which supported the model as it gained speed prior to free flight. Unfortunately, neither this nor later models made a sustained flight, despite Stringfellow's efficient lightweight steam engine. For many years Stringfellow abandoned his aeronautical experiments, then in 1866 when the (Royal) Aeronautical Society was founded, his interest was revived. He built a steam-powered triplane, which was demonstrated "flying" along a wire at the world's first Aeronautical Exhibition, held at Crystal Palace, London, in 1868. Stringfellow also received a cash prize for one of his engines, which was the lightest practical power unit at the Exhibition. Although Stringfellow's models never achieved a really successful flight, his designs showed the way for others to follow. Several of his models are preserved in the Science Museum in London.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Member of the (Royal) Aeronautical Society 1868.

Bibliography

Many of Stringfellow's letters and papers are held by the Royal Aeronautical Society, London.

Further Reading

Harald Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury. A.M.Balantyne and J.Laurence Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence).

M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).

"The aeronautical work of John Stringfellow, with some account of W.S.Henson", Aeronau-tical Classics No. 5 (written by John Stringfellow's son and held by the Royal Aeronautical Society in London).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Stringfellow, John
10 entziehen

(unreg.)

I v/t

1. (von jemandem wegziehen) withdraw, pull away ( von from); jemandem seine Hand entziehen withdraw one’s hand (from s.o.’s); sie entzog mir ihre Hand auch she took her hand out of mine, she detached herself from my hand

2. (wegnehmen, nicht länger überlassen) withdraw, take away; (Rechte etc.) deprive s.o. of s.th.; jemandem die Erlaubnis etc. / Unterstützung entziehen withdraw s.o.’s permission etc. / (one’s) support from s.o.; jemandem das Vertrauen entziehen cease to trust s.o., stop trusting s.o., no longer trust s.o., no longer have confidence in s.o. förm.; jemandem seine Befugnisse entziehen strip s.o. of his ( oder her) powers; jemandem das Wort entziehen impose silence on s.o.; einem Redner: cut s.o. short, stop s.o.; jemandem den Führerschein entziehen take s.o.’s driving licence (Am. driver’s license) away, disqualify ( oder ban) s.o. from driving

3. (von etw. fernhalten) keep away (+ Dat from), separate (from), keep apart (from); etw. jemandes Blicken entziehen hide s.th. from s.o., keep s.th. out of s.o.’s sight; jemandes Einfluss / Zugriff entziehen remove from ( oder put out of) s.o.’s reach / influence; sein Beruf entzieht ihn oft der Familie the job often keeps him away from his family; jemandem den Alkohol entziehen stop s.o. ( oder prevent s.o. from) drinking

4. (aus etw. ziehen) take (up) from; CHEM. remove (from), extract (from); einer Sache Kohlenstoff / Sauerstoff / Wasserstoff entziehen remove carbon / oxygen / hydrogen from; siehe auch reduzieren; dem Körper Wärme entziehen take heat (away) from s.o’s body; der Wind entzieht dem Boden Feuchtigkeit the wind dries (od. draws) moisture out of the ground, the wind dries the soil out; (aus etw. ziehen und in sich aufnehmen) Wurzeln etc.: absorb, suck, draw (alle + Dat from oder out of)

5. umg. (Trinker, Süchtige) detox

II v/refl

1. (sich von jemandem losmachen): sich jemandem entziehen körperlich: detach o.s. (from s.o.); mit Gewalt: break free (from s.o.); fig. einem Freund etc.: stop seeing s.o., part ways with s.o.; sich jemandes Armen / Griff / Umarmung entziehen free o.s. from ( gewandt: slip out of) s.o.’s arms / grip ( oder grasp)/ embrace; ich konnte mich der Versuchung nicht entziehen I couldn’t resist the temptation; er konnte sich ihrem Charme nicht entziehen he was not immune to her charm(s)

2. geh. (sich von jemandem, etw. zurückziehen, fernhalten) sich jemandes Blicken entziehen Person: (vermeiden) hide from s.o., keep out of s.o.’s sight, avoid encountering s.o.; Sache: (versteckt sein) remain hidden (from s.o.’s view) ( oder invisible to s.o. oder unnoticed by s.o.); Person, Sache: (verschwinden) disappear (from s.o.’s view, from sight)

3. (eine Aufgabe etc. nicht erfüllen, vermeiden) fail to fulfil, evade geh., shirk, dodge umg.; sich der Verantwortung entziehen evade ( oder shirk) (one’s) responsibility, be unwilling to accept (one’s) responsibility

4. (entgehen, entkommen) Verfolgern etc., Verhaftung: escape, elude, evade; (sich befreien von) free o.s. from; sich der Gerechtigkeit entziehen flee from justice

5. (nicht Gegenstand von etw. sein) be beyond ( oder not within) ( jemandes Kontrolle etc. s.o.’s control etc.); Sache: escape; (der Definition etc.) elude, defy; das entzieht sich meiner Beurteilung I’m in no position to judge (that), I’m no judge of that; es entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis / Kontrolle auch I have no knowledge of ( oder information about) that / I have no control over that, there’s nothing I can do about that

III v/i umg. Alkoholiker: be dried out; Drogenabhängiger: be detoxed, be in detox

* * *

to deprive; to withdraw; to detract

* * *
ent|zie|hen [ɛnt'tsiːən] ptp entzogen [ɛnt'tsoːgn] irreg
1. vt
(+dat from) to withdraw, to take away; Gunst etc to withdraw; Flüssigkeit to draw, to extract; (CHEM) to extract
jdm Alkohol/Nikotin entzíéhen —

die Ärzte versuchten ihn zu entzíéhen (inf) — the doctors tried to cure him of his addiction

jdm die Erlaubnis etc entzíéhen — to withdraw or revoke sb's permit etc, to take sb's permit etc away

jdm die Rente etc entzíéhen — to cut off or stop sb's pension etc

jdm sein Vertrauen entzíéhen — to withdraw one's confidence or trust in sb

dem Redner das Wort entzíéhen — to ask the speaker to stop

2. vr

sich jdm/einer Sache entzíéhen — to evade or elude sb/sth

sich seiner Verantwortung entzíéhen — to shirk one's responsibilities

sich jds Verständnis/Kontrolle entzíéhen — to be beyond sb's understanding/control

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis/Zuständigkeit — that is beyond my knowledge/authority

das hat sich meiner Aufmerksamkeit entzogen — that escaped my attention

sich jds Blicken entzíéhen — to be hidden from sight

3. vi (inf)
to undergo treatment for (drug) addiction; (Alkoholiker) to dry out (inf)
* * *

deprive

* * *

ent·zie·hen *

irreg

I. vt

1. ADMIN (aberkennen)

▪ jdm etw \entziehen to withdraw form [or take away] sth from sb

jdm den Führerschein \entziehen to revoke sb's driving licence [or AM driver's license

2. (nicht länger geben)

▪ jdm etw \entziehen to withdraw sth from sb

3. (wegziehen)

▪ jdm etw \entziehen to remove sth from sb

sie entzog ihm ihren Arm she removed her arm from him

4. AGR, FORST (aus etw entnehmen)

▪ etw dat etw \entziehen to remove sth from sth

dieses Getreide entzieht dem Boden viele Nährstoffe this grain removes a lot of nutrients from the soil

5. CHEM (extrahieren)

▪ etw dat etw \entziehen to extract sth from sth

II. vr

1. (sich losmachen)

▪ sich akk jdm/etw \entziehen to evade sb/sth

sie wollte ihn streicheln, doch er entzog sich ihr she wanted to caress him, but he resisted her

2. (nicht berühren)

▪ sich akk etw dat \entziehen to be beyond sth

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis that's beyond my knowledge

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) take away

etwas jemandem/einer Sache entziehen — take something away from somebody/something

jemandem den Führerschein entziehen — take somebody's driving licence away

jemandem das Wort entziehen — ask somebody to stop [speaking]

jemandem das Vertrauen/seine Unterstützung entziehen — withdraw one's confidence in somebody/one's support from somebody

2)

etwas einer Sache (Dat.) entziehen — (entfernen von, aus) remove something from something; (herausziehen aus) extract something from something
2.
unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb

sich der Gesellschaft (Dat.) entziehen — (geh.) withdraw from society

sich seinen Pflichten (Dat.) entziehen — shirk or evade one's duty

das entzieht sich meiner Kontrolle/Kenntnis — that is beyond my control/knowledge

* * *

entziehen (irr)

A. v/t

1. (von jemandem wegziehen) withdraw, pull away (

von from);

jemandem seine Hand entziehen withdraw one’s hand( from sb’s);

sie entzog mir ihre Hand auch she took her hand out of mine, she detached herself from my hand

2. (wegnehmen, nicht länger überlassen) withdraw, take away; (Rechte etc) deprive sb of sth;

jemandem die Erlaubnis etc

/Unterstützung entziehen withdraw sb’s permission etc/(one’s) support from sb;

jemandem das Vertrauen entziehen cease to trust sb, stop trusting sb, no longer trust sb, no longer have confidence in sb form;

jemandem seine Befugnisse entziehen strip sb of his ( oder her) powers;

jemandem das Wort entziehen impose silence on sb; einem Redner: cut sb short, stop sb;

jemandem den Führerschein entziehen take sb’s driving licence (US driver’s license) away, disqualify ( oder ban) sb from driving

3. (von etwas fernhalten) keep away (+dat from), separate (from), keep apart( from);

etwas jemandes Blicken entziehen hide sth from sb, keep sth out of sb’s sight;

jemandes Einfluss/Zugriff entziehen remove from ( oder put out of) sb’s reach/influence;

sein Beruf entzieht ihn oft der Familie the job often keeps him away from his family;

jemandem den Alkohol entziehen stop sb ( oder prevent sb from) drinking

4. (aus etwas ziehen) take (up) from; CHEM remove (from), extract (from);

einer Sache

Kohlenstoff/Sauerstoff/Wasserstoff entziehen remove carbon/oxygen/hydrogen from; → auch reduzieren;

dem Körper Wärme entziehen take heat (away) from s.o’s body;

der Wind entzieht dem Boden Feuchtigkeit the wind dries ( oder draws) moisture out of the ground, the wind dries the soil out; (aus etwas ziehen und in sich aufnehmen) Wurzeln etc: absorb, suck, draw (alle +dat from oder out of)

5. umg (Trinker, Süchtige) detox

B. v/r

1. (sich von jemandem losmachen):

sich jemandem entziehen körperlich: detach o.s. (from sb); mit Gewalt: break free (from sb); fig einem Freund etc: stop seeing sb, part ways with sb;

sich jemandes Armen/Griff/Umarmung entziehen free o.s. from ( gewandt: slip out of) sb’s arms/grip ( oder grasp)/embrace;

ich konnte mich der Versuchung nicht entziehen I couldn’t resist the temptation;

er konnte sich ihrem Charme nicht entziehen he was not immune to her charm(s)

2. geh (sich von jemandem, etwas zurückziehen, fernhalten)

sich jemandes Blicken entziehen Person: (vermeiden) hide from sb, keep out of sb’s sight, avoid encountering sb; Sache: (versteckt sein) remain hidden (from sb’s view) ( oder invisible to sb oder unnoticed by sb); Person, Sache: (verschwinden) disappear (from sb’s view, from sight)

3. (eine Aufgabe etc nicht erfüllen, vermeiden) fail to fulfil, evade geh, shirk, dodge umg;

sich der Verantwortung entziehen evade ( oder shirk) (one’s) responsibility, be unwilling to accept (one’s) responsibility

4. (entgehen, entkommen) Verfolgern etc, Verhaftung: escape, elude, evade; (sich befreien von) free o.s. from;

sich der Gerechtigkeit entziehen flee from justice

5. (nicht Gegenstand von etwas sein) be beyond ( oder not within) (

jemandes Kontrolle etc sb’s control etc); Sache: escape; (der Definition etc) elude, defy;

das entzieht sich meiner Beurteilung I’m in no position to judge (that), I’m no judge of that;

es entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis/Kontrolle auch I have no knowledge of ( oder information about) that/I have no control over that, there’s nothing I can do about that

C. v/i umg Alkoholiker: be dried out; Drogenabhängiger: be detoxed, be in detox

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) take away

etwas jemandem/einer Sache entziehen — take something away from somebody/something

jemandem den Führerschein entziehen — take somebody's driving licence away

jemandem das Wort entziehen — ask somebody to stop [speaking]

jemandem das Vertrauen/seine Unterstützung entziehen — withdraw one's confidence in somebody/one's support from somebody

2)

etwas einer Sache (Dat.) entziehen — (entfernen von, aus) remove something from something; (herausziehen aus) extract something from something
2.
unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb

sich der Gesellschaft (Dat.) entziehen — (geh.) withdraw from society

sich seinen Pflichten (Dat.) entziehen — shirk or evade one's duty

das entzieht sich meiner Kontrolle/Kenntnis — that is beyond my control/knowledge

* * *

v.

to detract v.

to withdraw v.

(§ p.,p.p.: withdrew, withdrawn)

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > entziehen
11 trastorno

m.

1 disorder (mental).

trastorno de la personalidad personality disorder

2 upset, disorder, unbalance.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trastornar.

* * *

trastorno

► nombre masculino

1 (desorden) confusion

2 (molestia) trouble, inconvenience

3 (perturbación) disruption, upheaval, upset

4 MEDICINA upset

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

trastorno estomacal / trastorno mental stomach upset / mental disorder

* * *

noun m.

1) disorder

2) disruption, upset

* * *

SM

1) (=molestia) inconvenience, trouble

tener que esperar es un trastorno — it's a real nuisance having to wait

2) (Pol) disturbance, upheaval

los trastornos políticos — the political disturbances

3) (Med) upset, disorder

trastorno de personalidad — personality disorder

trastorno digestivo, trastorno estomacal — stomach upset

trastorno dismórfico corporal — body dysmorphic disorder

trastorno mental — mental disorder

* * *

masculino

1) (Med, Psic) disorder

- trastorno afectivo estacional

- trastorno biopolar

- trastorno por estrés postraumático

2) ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio — the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

me ocasionó muchos trastornos — it caused me a great deal of inconvenience

* * *

= disorder, disruption, upheaval, dislocation, derangement, unfixing, disease.

Ex. Consider this title 'A handbook of heart disease, blood pressure and strokes: the cause, treatment and prevention of these disorders'.

Ex. An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

Ex. Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.

Ex. SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex. George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex. There has been a dramatic ' unfixing' of gender identities in British society over the past fifteen years.

Ex. For example, a fairly straightforward document such as 'A medical dictionary of diseases' would be summarized as: Medicine/Disease/Dictionary.

----

* personas con trastornos emocionales = disturbed people.

* trastorno alimentario = eating disorder.

* trastorno alimenticio = eating disorder.

* trastorno arterial = arterial disease.

* trastorno bipolar = manic depression.

* trastorno cardiovascular = cardiovascular disorder.

* trastorno cerebrovascular = cerebrovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorder.

* trastorno cognitivo = cognitive disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = panic disorder.

* trastorno de comportamiento = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de conducta = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de la salud = medical disorder.

* trastorno del habla = speech disorder.

* trastorno del lenguaje = language disorder, speech disorder.

* trastorno de pánico = panic disorder.

* trastorno depresivo = depressive disorder.

* trastorno digestivo = digestive disorder.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* trastorno emocional = emotional disorder.

* trastorno mental = mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, brain disorder.

* trastorno neurodegenerativo = neurodegenerative disorder.

* trastorno neurológico = neurological disorder.

* trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

* trastorno por estrés postraumático = post traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder.

* trastorno respiratorio = respiratory disorder.

* trastorno reumático = rheumatic disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = anxiety disorder.

* trastorno siquiátrico = psychiatric disorder.

* trastorno vascular periférico = peripheral vascular disease.

* * *

masculino

1) (Med, Psic) disorder

- trastorno afectivo estacional

- trastorno biopolar

- trastorno por estrés postraumático

2) ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio — the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

me ocasionó muchos trastornos — it caused me a great deal of inconvenience

* * *

= disorder, disruption, upheaval, dislocation, derangement, unfixing, disease.

Ex: Consider this title 'A handbook of heart disease, blood pressure and strokes: the cause, treatment and prevention of these disorders'.

Ex: An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

Ex: Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.

Ex: SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex: There has been a dramatic ' unfixing' of gender identities in British society over the past fifteen years.

Ex: For example, a fairly straightforward document such as 'A medical dictionary of diseases' would be summarized as: Medicine/Disease/Dictionary.

* personas con trastornos emocionales = disturbed people.

* trastorno alimentario = eating disorder.

* trastorno alimenticio = eating disorder.

* trastorno arterial = arterial disease.

* trastorno bipolar = manic depression.

* trastorno cardiovascular = cardiovascular disorder.

* trastorno cerebrovascular = cerebrovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorder.

* trastorno cognitivo = cognitive disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = panic disorder.

* trastorno de comportamiento = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de conducta = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de la salud = medical disorder.

* trastorno del habla = speech disorder.

* trastorno del lenguaje = language disorder, speech disorder.

* trastorno de pánico = panic disorder.

* trastorno depresivo = depressive disorder.

* trastorno digestivo = digestive disorder.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* trastorno emocional = emotional disorder.

* trastorno mental = mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, brain disorder.

* trastorno neurodegenerativo = neurodegenerative disorder.

* trastorno neurológico = neurological disorder.

* trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

* trastorno por estrés postraumático = post traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder.

* trastorno respiratorio = respiratory disorder.

* trastorno reumático = rheumatic disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = anxiety disorder.

* trastorno siquiátrico = psychiatric disorder.

* trastorno vascular periférico = peripheral vascular disease.

* * *

trastorno

masculine

A ( Med, Psic) disorder

Compuestos:

● trastorno afectivo estacional

seasonal affective disorder, SAD

● trastorno alimentario compulsivo

binge eating disorder

● trastorno bipolar

bipolar disorder, manic depression

● trastorno de ansiedad

anxiety disorder

● trastorno deficitario de la atención

attention deficit disorder, ADD

● trastorno estomacal

stomach disorder or problem

● trastorno mental

mental disorder

● trastorno obsesivo compulsivo

obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD

B (alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

la huelga está provocando serios trastornos en los vuelos al exterior the strike is causing serious disruption to international flights

espero no haberle ocasionado ningún trastorno I hope I have not caused you any inconvenience

* * *

Del verbo trastornar: ( conjugate trastornar)

trastorno es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

trastornó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
trastornar
trastorno
trastornar ( conjugate trastornar) verbo transitivo
1 (Psic) to disturb;
◊ la muerte de su hijo la trastornó her son's death left her deeply disturbed;

esa chica lo ha trastornado (fam) he's lost his head over that girl (colloq)
2 ( alterar la normalidad) to upset, disrupt
trastornarse verbo pronominal (Psic) to become disturbed
trastorno sustantivo masculino
1 (Med, Psic) disorder
2 ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption;
◊ los trastornos provocados por la huelga the disruption caused by the strike;

me ocasionó muchos trastornos it caused me a great deal of inconvenience
trastornar verbo transitivo
1 (volver loco) to drive mad
2 (causar molestias) to trouble
3 (alterar, desbartar) to disrupt
trastorno sustantivo masculino
1 (molestia) trouble, nuisance
2 Med disorder
trastornos del aparato digestivo, stomach disorder
' trastorno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
contrariedad
- conmoción
- molestia
- nervioso
- trastornar
English:
disorder
- flaw
- inconvenience
- upheaval
- upset
- disruption

* * *

trastorno nm

1. [mental, físico] disorder;
[digestivo] upset
Comp
trastorno alimentario o alimenticio eating disorder;
trastorno depresivo depressive disorder;

trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo obsessive-compulsive disorder

2. [alteración]
causar trastornos o [m5] un trastorno [huelga, nevada] to cause trouble o disruption;
[guerra] to cause upheaval;
ven cuando quieras, no me causa ningún trastorno come whenever you like, you won't be putting me out

* * *

trastorno

m

1 inconvenience

2 MED disorder;

trastorno alimentario eating disorder;

trastorno circulatorio circulation problem

* * *

trastorno nm

1) : disorder

trastorno mental: mental disorder

2) : disturbance, upset

Spanish-English dictionary > trastorno
12 trascender

v.

1 to leak out.

La noticia trascendió The news leaked out.

2 to transcend, to project.

Su poder trasciende lo imaginable His power transcends the imaginable.

El invento trasciende The invention transcends.

3 to transcend, to go beyond, to be beyond, to go beyond the limits of.

Su poder trasciende lo imaginable His power transcends the imaginable.

* * *

trascender

Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender

► verbo intransitivo

1 (olor - despedir) to smell; (- llegar hasta) to reach

■ aquel olor trascendía hasta la sala that smell reached the hall

2 (darse a conocer) to become known, leak out

■ el resultado trascendió the result leaked out

3 (extenderse) to spread, have a wide effect

► verbo transitivo

1 (averiguar) to discover, bring to light

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

trascender a la opinión pública to become common knowledge

* * *

1. VI

1) (=conocerse) to leak out, get out

por fin ha trascendido la noticia — the news has leaked o got out at last

no queremos que sus comentarios trasciendan — we do not want her remarks to leak out o to get out

2) (=propagarse)

trascender a algo — to extend to sth

su influencia trasciende a los países más remotos — his influence extends to the most remote countries

3) (=ir más allá)

trascender de algo — to transcend sth, go beyond sth

una cuestión que trasciende de los intereses nacionales — a matter that transcends o goes beyond national interests

el debate ha trascendido de los círculos académicos — the debate has gone beyond academic circles

4) (Fil) to transcend

5) † (=oler) to smell (a of)
(=heder) to reek (a of)
2.

VT to transcend, go beyond

esto trasciende los confines de la razón — it transcends o goes beyond the boundaries of reason

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) (period) ( darse a conocer)

según ha trascendido — according to reports

ha trascendido que... — it has emerged that...

el caso ha trascendido a la opinión pública — the case has come to public notice

desean evitar que la noticia trascienda — they want to avoid the news leaking out

b) (frml) ( extenderse)

trascender A algo — influencia/popularidad to extend to something

c) ( ir más allá)

trascender DE algo — to transcend something (frml), to go beyond something

esto trasciende de lo puramente filosófico — this transcends o goes beyond the purely philosophical
2.
trascender vt to go beyond, transcend (frml)

* * *

= carry + implications, transcend.

Ex. The merging of synonyms carries implications for the effectiveness of the index in terms of precision and recall.

Ex. Why do only Catholics, Jews, Negroes, and women transcend their particular nationality?.

----

* trascender a = cut across.

* trascender fronteras = transcend + boundaries.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) (period) ( darse a conocer)

según ha trascendido — according to reports

ha trascendido que... — it has emerged that...

el caso ha trascendido a la opinión pública — the case has come to public notice

desean evitar que la noticia trascienda — they want to avoid the news leaking out

b) (frml) ( extenderse)

trascender A algo — influencia/popularidad to extend to something

c) ( ir más allá)

trascender DE algo — to transcend something (frml), to go beyond something

esto trasciende de lo puramente filosófico — this transcends o goes beyond the purely philosophical
2.
trascender vt to go beyond, transcend (frml)

* * *

= carry + implications, transcend.

Ex: The merging of synonyms carries implications for the effectiveness of the index in terms of precision and recall.

Ex: Why do only Catholics, Jews, Negroes, and women transcend their particular nationality?.

* trascender a = cut across.

* trascender fronteras = transcend + boundaries.

* * *

trascender [E8 ]

vi

A

1 ( period)

«noticia»: según ha trascendido according to reports

ha trascendido que … it has emerged that …

el caso ha trascendido a la opinión pública the case has come to public notice o to the attention of the public

hasta ahora no ha trascendido el nombre del nuevo inspector the name of the new inspector has not yet been made known, it is not yet known who is to be the new inspector

desean evitar que el suceso trascienda they want to avoid news of what has happened leaking out

2 ( frml) (extenderse) trascender A algo to pervade sth, extend TO sth

este descontento ha trascendido a todas las capas de la sociedad this discontent has pervaded all levels of society

su influencia trasciende a los países más remotos its influence extends to even the remotest countries

3 (ir más allá) trascender DE algo to transcend sth ( frml), to go beyond sth

esto trasciende de lo puramente filosófico this transcends o goes beyond the purely philosophical

con ello ha trascendido del ámbito de su autoridad in this he has overstepped his authority

B ( Fil) to transcend

■ trascender

vt

to go beyond, transcend ( frml)

esto trasciende las fronteras de lo creíble this goes beyond the bounds of credibility

su fama trasciende nuestras fronteras her fame has spread beyond our borders

* * *

trascender ( conjugate trascender) verbo intransitivo ( ir más allá) trascender DE algo to transcend sth (frml), to go beyond sth
verbo transitivo
to go beyond, transcend (frml)
trascender
I vi (salir a la luz, ser conocido) to become known, get out
II verbo transitivo
1 (exceder) to go beyond: el problema trasciende los límites de mis competencias, the problem is outside my area of responsibility
2 Fil to transcend
' trascender' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
transcender
English:
cut across
- transcend
- cut

* * *

trascender, transcender

♦ vi

1. [noticia] [difundirse] to become known;

la noticia trascendió a la prensa the news leaked out to the press;

el enfermo, según trascendió ayer, se halla grave the patient's condition, it emerged yesterday, is serious;

sólo ha trascendido que se prepara un desembarco all we have heard so far is that a landing is being prepared;

que no trascienda don't let on about it, don't let it get about

2. [efectos, consecuencias] to spread (a to);
el cambio ha trascendido a amplias capas de la población the change has spread to a large part of the population

3. [sobrepasar]
trascender de to transcend, to go beyond;

un tema que trasciende del ámbito familiar a subject that extends beyond the family circle

♦ vt
[ir más allá de] to go beyond, to transcend;
una costumbre que trasciende las fronteras a custom that goes beyond national borders;

un problema que trascendió el ámbito nacional a problem that went beyond the national level

* * *

trascender

I v/i

1 de noticia get out

2

:

trascender de ( sobrepasar) transcend

II v/t transcend

* * *

trascender {56} vi

1) : to leak out, to become known

2) : to spread, to have a wide effect

3)

trascender a : to smell of

la casa trascendía a flores: the house smelled of flowers

4)

trascender de : to transcend, to go beyond

trascender vt

: to transcend

Spanish-English dictionary > trascender
13 demorar

v.

1 to delay.

María atrasó el bus a propósito Mary delayed the bus on purpose.

2 to take time, to delay.

* * *

demorar

► verbo transitivo

1 (retrasar) to delay, hold up

■ demoramos la fecha de publicación hasta la primavera we delayed the date of publication till springtime

► verbo intransitivo

1 (detenerse) to stop

■ nos demoramos allí poco tiempo we stopped there for a short time

► verbo pronominal demorarse

1 (retrasarse) to be delayed, be held up

■ me he demorado a causa de la lluvia I was delayed by the rain

2 (detenerse en alguna parte) to stop, linger

* * *

verb

to delay

- demorarse

* * *

1.

VT [+ viaje] to delay; [+ llegada, terminación] to hold up

2. VI

1) (=detenerse) to stay on, linger on

¡no demores! — don't be long!

2) (=perder tiempo) to waste time

demorar en hacer algo — LAm to take a long time to do sth, be slow in doing sth

no demores mucho — don't be too long

3.

See:

demorarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) (AmL) ( tardar)

demoró tres horas en llegar — he took o it took him three hours to arrive

b) (AmL) ( retrasar) <viaje/decisión> to delay
2.
demorar vi (AmL)

no demores! — don't be long!
3.
demorarse v pron (AmL)

a) ( tardar cierto tiempo)

qué poco te demoraste! — that didn't take you very long

¿cuánto te demoras en llegar hasta allá? — how long does it take you to get there?

me demoro 3 horas — it takes me 3 hours

b) ( tardar demasiado) to be o take too long

demorarse en + inf — to take a long time to + inf

se demoró en decidirse — she took too long to make her mind up

* * *

= delay, hold up, hold + Nombre + back, retard, temporise [temporize, -USA], hold off, play for + time.

Ex. It would be wise to delay reading these until you have had some experience in using the scheme.

Ex. Unfortunately, goods of Community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.

Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.

Ex. Without the floppy disk, data processing on microcomputers would have been severely retarded.

Ex. The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

Ex. A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.

Ex. Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

----

* demorarse = lag, tarry, drag + Posesivo + feet, drag + Posesivo + heels, linger, be late (for).

* sin demorarse un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) (AmL) ( tardar)

demoró tres horas en llegar — he took o it took him three hours to arrive

b) (AmL) ( retrasar) <viaje/decisión> to delay
2.
demorar vi (AmL)

no demores! — don't be long!
3.
demorarse v pron (AmL)

a) ( tardar cierto tiempo)

qué poco te demoraste! — that didn't take you very long

¿cuánto te demoras en llegar hasta allá? — how long does it take you to get there?

me demoro 3 horas — it takes me 3 hours

b) ( tardar demasiado) to be o take too long

demorarse en + inf — to take a long time to + inf

se demoró en decidirse — she took too long to make her mind up

* * *

= delay, hold up, hold + Nombre + back, retard, temporise [temporize, -USA], hold off, play for + time.

Ex: It would be wise to delay reading these until you have had some experience in using the scheme.

Ex: Unfortunately, goods of Community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.

Ex: Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.

Ex: Without the floppy disk, data processing on microcomputers would have been severely retarded.

Ex: The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

Ex: A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.

Ex: Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

* demorarse = lag, tarry, drag + Posesivo + feet, drag + Posesivo + heels, linger, be late (for).

* sin demorarse un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* * *

demorar [A1 ]

vt

1

( esp AmL) (tardar): demoró tres horas en terminar la prueba he took o it took him three hours to complete the test

2 ( AmL) (retrasar) ‹viaje/decisión› to delay

■ demorar

vi

( esp AmL): ¡no demores! don't be long!

demorar EN + INF:

no me esperes que voy a demorar en terminar don't wait for me because I won't be finished for a while ( colloq)

demoró en hacer efecto it took some time to take effect

■ demorarse

v pron

1

( AmL) (tardar cierto tiempo): ¿ya lo terminaste? ¡qué poco te demoraste! have you finished already? you didn't take very long o that didn't take you very long

demorarse EN + INF:

¿cuánto te demoras en llegar hasta allá? how long does it take you to get there?

2 ( AmL) (tardar demasiado) to be o take too long demorarse EN + INF to take a long time TO + INF

perdón por demorarme en contestar tu carta I'm sorry I've taken o it's taken me so long to reply to your letter

se demoró en decidirse y perdió la oportunidad she took too long to make her mind up and missed her chance

* * *

demorar ( conjugate demorar) verbo transitivo
a) (AmL) ( tardar):

◊ demoró tres horas en llegar he took o it took him three hours to arrive

b) (AmL) ( retrasar) ‹viaje/decisión› to delay

verbo intransitivo (AmL):
◊ ¡no demores! don't be long!

demorarse verbo pronominal (AmL)
a) ( tardar cierto tiempo):

◊ ¡qué poco te demoraste! that didn't take you very long;

me demoro 3 horas it takes me 3 hours
b) ( tardar demasiado) to be o take too long;

demorarse en hacer algo to take a long time to do sth
demorar verbo transitivo to delay, hold up
' demorar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuánto
- durar
English:
procrastinate
- delay
- take

* * *

demorar

♦ vt

1. [retrasar] to delay;

el tráfico me demoró I was held up by the traffic

2. Am [tardar] to take;

demoraron tres días en pintar la casa it took them o they took three days to paint the house

♦ vi
Am to be late;
¡no demores! don't be late!;

siempre demora en bañarse he always takes ages in the bathroom;

este quitamanchas demora en actuar this stain remover takes a while to work

♦ See also the pronominal verb demorarse

* * *

demorar

I v/i

1 stay on

2 L.Am. ( tardar) be late;

no demores don’t be long

II v/t delay

* * *

demorar vt

1) retrasar: to delay

2) tardar: to take, to last

la reparación demorará varios días: the repair will take several days

demorar vi

: to delay, to linger

♦ See also the reflexive verb demorarse

Spanish-English dictionary > demorar
14 intentar ganar tiempo

(v.) = play for + time, temporise [temporize, -USA]

Ex. Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

Ex. The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

* * *

(v.) = play for + time, temporise [temporize, -USA]

Ex: Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

Ex: The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

Spanish-English dictionary > intentar ganar tiempo
15 tratar de ganar tiempo

(v.) = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time

Ex. The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

Ex. Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

* * *

(v.) = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time

Ex: The first countries to enter the information society will reap the greatests rewards whereas countries which temporise or favour half-hearted solutions could, in less than a decade, face disastrous declines in investment and a squeeze on jobs.

Ex: Saddam will play for time and avoid precipitating any crises that could cost him his hold on power.

Spanish-English dictionary > tratar de ganar tiempo
16 Ohm, Georg Simon

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 16 March 1789 Erlangen, near Nuremberg, Germany

d. 6 July 1854 Munich, Germany

[br]

German physicist who laid the foundations of electrical science with his discovery of Ohm's Law.

[br]

Given the same first name as his father, Johann, at his baptism, Ohm was generally known by the name of Georg to avoid confusion. While still a child he became interested in science and learned many of his basic skills from his father, a mechanical engineer. After basic education he attended the Gymnasium at Erlangen for a year, then in 1805 he entered the University of Erlangen. Probably for financial reasons, he left after three terms in 1806 and obtained a post as a mathematics tutor at a school in Gottstadt, Switzerland, where he may well have begun to experiment with electrical circuits. In 1811 he returned to Erlangen. He appears to have obtained his doctorate in the same year. After studying physics for a year, he became a tutor at the Studienanstalt (girls' secondary school) at Bamberg in Bavaria. There, in 1817, he wrote a book on the teaching of geometry in schools, as a result of which King Freidrich Wilhelm III of Prussia had him appointed Oberlehrer (Senior Master) in Mathematics and Physics at the Royal Consistory in Cologne. He continued his electrical experiments and in 1826 was given a year's leave of absence to concentrate on this work, which culminated the following year in publication of his "Die galvanische Kette", in which he demonstrated his now-famous Law, that the current in a resistor is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Because he published only a theoretical treatment of his Law, without including the supporting experimental evidence, his conclusions were widely ignored and ridiculed by the eminent German scientists of his day; bitterly disappointed, he was forced to resign his post at the Consistory. Reduced to comparative poverty he took a position as a mathematics teacher at the Berlin Military School. Fortunately, news of his discovery became more widely known, and in 1833 he was appointed Professor at the Nuremberg Polytechnic School. Two years later he was given the Chair of Higher Mathematics at the University of Erlangen and the position of State Inspector of Scientific Education. Honoured by the Royal Society of London in 1841 and 1842, in 1849 he became Professor of Physics at Munich University, apost he held until his death.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Society Copley Medal 1841. FRS 1842.

Bibliography

1817, "Grundlinien zu einer zweckmàssigen Behandlung der Geometric als hohern Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalt".

1827, "Die galvanische Kette, mathematische bearbeit".

Further Reading

F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers' Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (for circuit theory based on Ohm's Law).

See also: Thévénin, Léon Charles

KF

Biographical history of technology > Ohm, Georg Simon
17 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 18 January 1888 London, England

d. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England

[br]

English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.

[br]

Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.

Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.

In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.

The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.

Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1953. CBE 1918.

Bibliography

1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).

Further Reading

A.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.

B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).

CM / JDS

Biographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
18 Graham, George

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

b. c.1674 Cumberland, England

d. 16 November 1751 London, England

[br]

English watch-and clockmaker who invented the cylinder escapement for watches, the first successful dead-beat escapement for clocks and the mercury compensation pendulum.

[br]

Graham's father died soon after his birth, so he was raised by his brother. In 1688 he was apprenticed to the London clockmaker Henry Aske, and in 1695 he gained his freedom. He was employed as a journeyman by Tompion in 1696 and later married his niece. In 1711 he formed a partnership with Tompion and effectively ran the business in Tompion's declining years; he took over the business after Tompion died in 1713. In addition to his horological interests he also made scientific instruments, specializing in those for astronomical use. As a person, he was well respected and appears to have lived up to the epithet "Honest George Graham". He befriended John Harrison when he first went to London and lent him money to further his researches at a time when they might have conflicted with his own interests.

The two common forms of escapement in use in Graham's time, the anchor escapement for clocks and the verge escapement for watches, shared the same weakness: they interfered severely with the free oscillation of the pendulum and the balance, and thus adversely affected the timekeeping. Tompion's two frictional rest escapements, the dead-beat for clocks and the horizontal for watches, had provided a partial solution by eliminating recoil (the momentary reversal of the motion of the timepiece), but they had not been successful in practice. Around 1720 Graham produced his own much improved version of the dead-beat escapement which became a standard feature of regulator clocks, at least in Britain, until its supremacy was challenged at the end of the nineteenth century by the superior accuracy of the Riefler clock. Another feature of the regulator clock owed to Graham was the mercury compensation pendulum, which he invented in 1722 and published four years later. The bob of this pendulum contained mercury, the surface of which rose or fell with changes in temperature, compensating for the concomitant variation in the length of the pendulum rod. Graham devised his mercury pendulum after he had failed to achieve compensation by means of the difference in expansion between various metals. He then turned his attention to improving Tompion's horizontal escapement, and by 1725 the cylinder escapement existed in what was virtually its final form. From the following year he fitted this escapement to all his watches, and it was also used extensively by London makers for their precision watches. It proved to be somewhat lacking in durability, but this problem was overcome later in the century by using a ruby cylinder, notably by Abraham Louis Breguet. It was revived, in a cheaper form, by the Swiss and the French in the nineteenth century and was produced in vast quantities.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1720. Master of the Clockmakers' Company 1722.

Bibliography

Graham contributed many papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in particular "A contrivance to avoid the irregularities in a clock's motion occasion'd by the action of heat and cold upon the rod of the pendulum" (1726) 34:40–4.

Further Reading

Britten's Watch \& Clock Maker's Handbook Dictionary and Guide, 1978, rev. Richard Good, 16th edn, London, pp. 81, 84, 232 (for a technical description of the dead-beat and cylinder escapements and the mercury compensation pendulum).

A.J.Turner, 1972, "The introduction of the dead-beat escapement: a new document", Antiquarian Horology 8:71.

E.A.Battison, 1972, biography, Biographical Dictionary of Science, ed. C.C.Gillespie, Vol. V, New York, 490–2 (contains a résumé of Graham's non-horological activities).

See also: Barlow, Edward; Guillaume, Charles-Edouard

DV

Biographical history of technology > Graham, George
19 towarzystw|o

n 1. sgt (czyjaś obecność) company
- lubiłem przebywać w jego towarzystwie I liked being in his company

- unikać czyjegoś towarzystwa to avoid sb’s company

- dotrzymać komuś towarzystwa to keep sb company

- dama do towarzystwa a (lady’s) companion
2. sgt (grupa) company
- towarzystwo od brydża bridge crowd

- towarzystwo od kieliszka drinking crowd

- dostać się w złe towarzystwo to fall into bad company

- po kilku toastach towarzystwo się ożywiło after a few toasts the party livened up
3. (elita) (high) society 4. (organizacja) society
- towarzystwo naukowe a learned society

■ towarzystwo wzajemnej adoracji pejor. mutual admiration a. appreciation society

- dla towarzystwa for the company

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > towarzystw|o
20 status

1.
stătus, a, um, v. sisto.
2.
stătus, ūs, m. [sto and sisto].
I.
In a corporeal sense.
A.
Mode or way of standing, of holding one's body (at rest), posture, position, attitude, station, carriage; sing. and plur.: Ps. Statur hic ad hunc modum. Si. Statum vide hominis, Callipho, quasi basilicum, look at the way he stands, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 41:
stat in statu senex ut adoriatur moechum,
in an attitude of attack, ready, id. Mil. 4, 9, 12: concrepuit digitis, laborat;
crebro conmutat status,
his posture, id. ib. 2, 2, 51:
qui esset status (videre vellem) flabellulum tenere te asinum tantum,
what your attitude was, what figure you cut, in holding the fan, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 50:
in gestu status (oratoris erit) erectus et celsus, rarus incessus,
attitude, Cic. Or. 18, 59:
status quidem rectus sit, sed diducti paulum pedes,
Quint. 11, 3, 159:
abesse plurimum a saltatore debet orator... non effingere status quosdam, et quidquid dicet ostendere,
id. 11, 3, 89:
ut recta sint bracchia, ne indoctae rusticaeve manus, ne status indecorus,
id. 1, 11, 16:
stare solitus Socrates dicitur... immobilis, iisdem in vestigiis,
Gell. 2, 1, 2:
dumque silens astat, status est vultusque diserti,
Ov. P. 2, 5, 51:
statum proeliantis componit,
Petr. 95 fin. —
So of the pose of statues: non solum numerum signorum, sed etiam uniuscujusque magnitudinem, figuram, statum litteris definiri vides,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 57:
expedit saepe, ut in statuis atque picturis videmus, variari habitus, vultus, status,
Quint. 2, 13, 8:
ut illo statu Chabrias sibi statuam fieri voluerit. Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur,
Nep. Chabr. 1, 3.—And of images in a dream:
ubi prima (imago somni) perit, alioque est altera nata inde statu, prior hic gestum mutasse videtur,
Lucr. 4, 772:
(opp. motus, incessus) quorum (iratorum) vultus, voces, motus statusque mutantur,
motions and postures, Cic. Off. 1, 29, 102:
decorum istud in corporis motu et statu cernitur,
id. ib. 1, 35, 126:
habitus oris et vultūs, status, motus,
id. Fin. 3, 17, 56; 5, 17, 47:
in quibus si peccetur... motu statuve deformi,
id. ib. 5, 12, 35:
eo erant vultu, oratione, omni reliquo motu et statu, ut, etc.,
id. Tusc. 3, 22, 53:
status, incessus, sessio, accubatio... teneat illud decorum,
id. Off. 1, 35, 129:
in pedibus observentur status et incessus,
the posture and gait, Quint. 11, 3, 124.—
B.
Of external appearance, manners, dress, and apparel:
quoniam formam hujus cepi in me et statum, decet et facta moresque hujus habere me similis item,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 111:
redegitque se ad pallium et crepidas, atque in tali statu biennio fere permansit,
Suet. Tib. 13.—
C.
Size, height, stature of living and inanimate beings (cf. statura;
post-Aug.): pumilionem, quos natura brevi statu peractos, etc.,
Stat. S. 1, 6, 58: longissimum... aratorem faciemus;
mediastenus qualiscunque status potest esse,
Col. 1, 9, 3:
in gallinaceis maribus status altior quaeritur,
id. 8, 2, 9; so id. 7, 9, 2; 7, 12 med.:
plantae majoris statūs,
Pall. Febr. 25, 20.—
D.
A position, place, in the phrase de statu movere, deicere, or statum conturbare, to displace, drive out, eject, expel, throw from a position (esp. of battle and combat):
equestrem procellam excitemus oportet, si turbare ac statu movere (hostes) volumus,
Liv. 30, 18, 14:
nihil statu motus, cum projecto prae se clipeo staret, in praesidio urbis moriturum se... respondit,
id. 38, 25: Manlius scutum scuto percussit atque statum Galli conturbavit (cf. the next sentence: atque de loco hominem iterum dejecit), Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 16.—So, out of the military sphere, in order to avoid an attack:
ea vis est... quae, periculo mortis injecto, formidine animum perterritum loco saepe et certo de statu demovet,
Cic. Caecin. 15, 42.— Transf., of mental position, conviction, argument, etc.:
saepe adversarios de statu omni dejecimus,
Cic. Or. 37, 129:
voluptas quo est major, eo magis mentem e suā sede et statu demovet,
throws the mind off its balance, id. Par. 1, 3, 15.—Similarly: de statu deducere, recedere, from one's position or principles:
fecerunt etiam ut me prope de vitae meae statu deducerent, ut ego istum accusarem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 10:
neque de statu nobis nostrae dignitatis est recedendum, neque sine nostris copiis in alterius praesidia veniendum,
id. Att. 1, 20, 2.—So, de statu suo declinare = moveri:
neque dubito quin, suspitione aliquā perculsi repentinā, de statu suo declinarint,
i. e. became unsettled, Cic. Clu. 38, 106:
qui cum me firmissimis opibus... munire possim, quamvis excipere fortunam malui quam... de meo statu declinare,
than abandon my position, id. Prov. Cons. 17, 41; cf.
of the position of heavenly bodies: qui eodem statu caeli et stellarum nati sunt,
aspect, id. Div. 2, 44, 92.
II.
Trop., condition, state, position, situation, circumstances.
A.
Of persons, condition in regard to public rights, political or civil status, any loss of which was a capitis deminutio (v. caput):
capitis minutio est statūs permutatio,
Gai. Dig. 4, 5, 1; id. Inst. 1, 159; cf. Dig. 4, 5, 11:
quo quisque loco nostrum est natus... hunc vitae statum usque ad senectutem obtinere debet,
Cic. Balb. 7, 18:
ad quem proscripti confluebant. Quippe nullum habentibus statum quilibet dux erat idoneus,
with regard to the civil death of the proscribed, Vell. 2, 72, 5:
illorum salus omnibus accepta fuit... quia tam grati exoptatum libertatis statum recuperaverint,
Val. Max. 5, 26:
si statu periclitari litigator videtur,
if his civil status seems in peril, Quint. 6, 1, 36:
nec ulla tam familiaris est infelicibus patria quam solitudo et prioris statūs oblivio,
i. e. the status of full citizenship, lost by banishment, Curt. 5, 5, 11:
permanent tamen in statu servitutis,
Suet. Gram. 21:
vetuit quaeri de cujusquam defunctorum statu,
id. Tit. 8 fin.:
multorum excisi status,
Tac. A. 3, 28: qui illegitime concipiuntur, statum sumunt ex eo tempore quo nascuntur, i. e. whether freemen or slaves, etc., Gai. Inst. 1, 89:
cum servus manumittitur: eo die enim incipit statum habere,
a civil status, Dig. 4, 5, 4:
homo liber qui se vendidit, manumissus non ad suum statum revertitur, sed efficitur libertinae condicionis, i. e. that of an ingenuus,
ib. 1, 5, 21:
primo de personarum statu dicemus,
civil status, ib. 1, 5, 2; so Titin. 5:
de statu hominum (sometimes status used in the jurists absolutely with reference to freedom and slavery): si status controversiam cui faciat procurator, sive ex servitute in libertatem, etc.,
Dig. 3, 3, 39, § 5; so ib. 3, 3, 33, § 1.—Similarly in the later jurists: status suus = aetas XXV. annorum, years of discretion:
cum ad statum suum frater pervenisset,
Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 19.—
2.
Condition and position with reference to rank, profession, trade, occupation, social standing, reputation, and character:
an tibi vis inter istas vorsarier prosedas... quae tibi olant stabulum statumque?
their trade, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 59:
quod in civitatibus agnationibus familiarum distinguuntur status,
the ranks of the families, Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 23:
regum status decemviris donabantur,
the rank of kings was assigned to the decemvirs, id. Agr. 1, 1, 2:
cum alii rem ipsam publicam atque hunc bonorum statum odissent,
the social position of the higher classes, id. Sest. 20, 46:
non ut aliquid ex pristino statu nostro retineamus,
id. Fam. 4, 4, 1:
ecquis umquam tam ex amplo statu concidit?
id. Att. 3, 10, 2:
non enim jam quam dignitatem, quos honores, quem vitae statum amiserim cogito,
id. ib. 10, 4, 1:
quam (statuam) esse ejusdem status amictus, anulus, imago ipsa declarat,
id. ib. 1, 1, 17:
praesidium petebamus ex potentissimi viri benevolentiā ad omnem statum nostrae dignitatis,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1: noster autem status est hic:
apud bonos iidem sumus quos reliquisti, apud sordem, etc.,
id. Att. 1, 16, 11:
ego me non putem tueri meum statum ut neque offendam animum cujusquam, nec frangam dignitatem meam?
maintain my character, id. Fam. 9, 16, 6:
quos fortuna in amplissimo statu (i. e. regum) collocarat,
Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:
tantam in eodem homine varietatem status,
high and low position in life, ups and downs, Val. Max. 6, 9, 4:
cum classiarios quos Nero ex remigibus justos milites fecerat, redire ad pristinum statum cogeret,
Suet. Galb. 12:
quaedam circa omnium ordinum statum correxit,
id. Claud. 22:
cum redieritis in Graeciam, praestabo ne quis statum suum vestro credat esse meliorem,
social position, Curt. 5, 5, 22:
omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res,
Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 23.—
3.
Condition in reference to prosperity, happiness or unhappiness, and health (mostly poet. and post-Aug.):
at iste non dolendi status non vocatur voluptas,
Cic. Fin. 2, 9, 28:
neque hic est Nunc status Aurorae meritos ut poscat honores,
Ov. M. 13, 594:
flebilis ut noster status est, ita flebile carmen,
id. Tr. 5, 1, 5:
quid enim status hic a funere differt?
id. P. 2, 3, 3:
pejor ab admonitu fit status iste boni,
id. ib. 1, 2, 54:
his enim quorum felicior in domo status fuerat,
Val. Max. 6, 8, 7:
sin nostros status sive proximorum ingenia contemplemur,
id. 6, 9 pr.:
caelum contemplare: vix tamen ibi talem statum (i. e. felicitatis deorum) reperias,
id. 7, 1, 1:
haec quidem (vox) animi magnifici et prosperi status (fuit),
id. 6, 5, ext. 4:
obliti statūs ejus quem beneficio exuistis meo,
Curt. 10, 2, 22:
sumus in hoc tuo statu iidem qui florente te fuimus,
i. e. distress, id. 5, 11, 5:
res magna et ex beatissimo animi statu profecta,
Sen. Ep. 81, 21: voverat, si sibi incolumis status (of health) permisisset, proditurum se... hydraulam, Suet. Ner. 54. —
4.
Condition, circumstances, in gen., of life or of the mind:
homines hoc uno plurimum a bestiis differunt quod rationem habent, mentemque quae... omnem complectatur vitae consequentis statum,
Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 45:
facias me certiorem et simul de toto statu tuo consiliisque omnibus,
id. Fam. 7, 10, 3:
tibi declaravi adventus noster qualis fuisset, et quis esset status,
id. Att. 4, 2, 1:
quid enim ego laboravi, si... nihil consecutus sum ut in eo statu essem quem neque fortunae temeritas, neque, etc., labefactaret,
id. Par. 2, 17:
sed hoc videant ii qui nulla sibi subsidia ad omnes vitae status paraverunt,
id. Fam. 9, 6, 4: atque is quidem qui cuncta composuit constanter in suo manebat statu (transl. of emeinen en tôi heautou kata tropon êthei, Plat. Tim. p. 42, c. Steph.), in his own state, being, Cic. Tim. 13:
vitae statum commutatum ferre non potuit,
Nep. Dion, 4, 4:
id suis rebus tali in statu saluti fore,
Curt. 5, 1, 5: haec sunt fulmina quae prima accepto patrimonio et in novi hominis aut urbis statu fiunt, in any new condition (when a stroke of lightning was considered an omen), Sen. Q. N. 2, 47.—Rarely of a state:
libere hercle hoc quidem. Sed vide statum (i. e. ebrietatis),
Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 4.—Esp., in augury: fulmen status, a thunderbolt sent to one who is not expecting a sign, as a warning or suggestion, = fulmen monitorium:
status est, ubi quietis nec agitantibus quidquam nec cogitantibus fulmen intervenit,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 39, 2.—
B.
Of countries, communities, etc., the condition of society, or the state, the public order, public affairs.
1.
In gen.:
Siciliam ita vexavit ac perdidit ut ea restitui in antiquum statum nullo modo possit,
Cic. Verr. 1, 4, 12:
nunc in eo statu civitas est ut omnes idem de re publicā sensuri esse videantur,
id. Sest. 50, 106:
omnem condicionem imperii tui statumque provinciae mihi demonstravit Tratorius,
id. Fam. 12, 23, 1; so id. ib. 13, 68, 1:
mihi rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,
id. ib. 3, 11, 4; so,
status ipse nostrae civitatis,
id. ib. 5, 16, 2:
non erat desperandum fore aliquem tolerabilem statum civitatis,
id. Phil. 13, 1, 2:
sane bonum rei publicae genus, sed tamen inclinatum et quasi pronum ad perniciosissimum statum,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 48:
aliquo, si non bono, at saltem certo statu civitatis,
id. Fam. 9, 8, 2:
ex hoc qui sit status totius rei publicae videre potes,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15: ex eodem de toto statu rerum communium [p. 1756] cognosces, id. Fam. 1, 8, 1:
tamen illa, quae requiris, suum statum tenent, nec melius, si tu adesses, tenerent,
id. ib. 6, 1, 1:
non illi nos de unius municipis fortunis arbitrantur, sed de totius municipii statu, dignitate, etc., sententias esse laturos,
id. Clu. 69, 196:
ego vitam omnium civium, statum orbis terrae... redemi,
id. Sull. 11, 33:
Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 3:
eo tum statu res erat ut longe principes haberentur Aedui,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12, 9:
cum hoc in statu res esset,
Liv. 26, 5, 1; so id. 32, 11, 1:
eam regiam servitutem (civitatis) collatam cum praesenti statu praeclaram libertatem visam,
id. 41, 6, 9:
statum quoque civitatis ea victoria firmavit ut jam inde res inter se contrahere auderent,
i. e. commercial prosperity, id. 27, 51:
ut deliberare de statu rerum suarum posset,
id. 44, 31:
ut taedio praesentium consules duo et status pristinus rerum in desiderium veniant,
id. 3, 37, 3:
jam Latio is status erat rerum ut neque bellum neque pacem pati possent,
id. 8, 13, 2:
qui se moverit ad sollicitandum statum civitatis,
internal peace, id. 3, 20, 8:
omni praesenti statu spem cuique novandi res suas blandiorem esse,
more attractive than any condition of public affairs, id. 35, 17:
tranquillitatis status,
Val. Max. 7, 2, 1:
in sollicito civitatis statu,
Quint. 6, 1, 16:
principes regesque et quocumque alio nomine sunt tutores status publici,
guardians of public order, Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3: curis omnium ad formandum publicum statum a tam sollemni munere aversis, Curt, 10, 10, 9; so,
ad formandum rerum praesentium statum,
Just. 9, 5, 1:
populo jam praesenti statu laeto,
Suet. Caes. 50:
ad componendum Orientis statum,
id. Calig. 1:
deploravit temporum statum,
id. Galb. 10:
ad explorandum statum Galliarum,
id. Caes. 24:
delegatus pacandae Germaniae status,
id. Tib. 16: et omnia habet rerum status iste mearum ( poet., = reipublicae meae), Ov. M. 7, 509.—
2.
Esp., of the political sentiments of the citizens:
a Maronitis certiora de statu civitatium scituros,
Liv. 39, 27:
ad visendum statum regionis ejus,
id. 42, 17, 1:
suas quoque in eodem statu mansuras res esse,
id. 42, 29, 9:
cum hic status in Boeotiā esset,
id. 42, 56, 8.—
3.
Of the constitution, institutions, form of government, etc.:
Scipionem rogemus ut explicet quem existimet esse optimum statum civitatis,
Cic. Rep. 1, 20, 33; 1, 21, 34; 1, 46, 70;
1, 47, 71: ob hanc causam praestare nostrae civitatis statum ceteris civitatibus,
id. ib. 2, 1, 2:
itaque cum patres rerum potirentur, numquam constitisse statum civitatis,
the form of the government had never been permanent, id. ib. 1, 32, 49:
in hoc statu rei publicae (decemvirali), quem dixi non posse esse diuturnum,
id. ib. 2, 37, 62:
providete ne rei publicae status commutetur,
id. Har. Resp. 27, 60:
eademque oritur etiam ex illo saepe optimatium praeclaro statu,
aristocratic form of government, id. Rep. 1, 44, 68:
ut totum statum civitatis in hoc uno judicio positam esse putetis,
id. Fl. 1, 3:
ut rei publicae statum convulsuri viderentur,
id. Pis. 2, 4:
pro meā salute, pro vestrā auctoritate, pro statu civitatis nullum vitae discrimen vitandum umquam putavit,
id. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:
cum hoc coire ausus es, ut consularem dignitatem, ut rei publicae statum... addiceres?
id. ib. 7, 16:
omnia quae sunt in imperio et in statu civitatis ab iis defendi putantur,
id. Mur. 11, 24:
intelleges (te habere) nihil quod aut hoc aut aliquo rei publicae statu timeas,
id. Fam. 6, 2, 3:
quod ad statum Macedoniae pertinebat,
Liv. 45, 32, 2:
ex commutatione statūs publici,
Vell. 2, 35, 4:
haec oblivio concussum et labentem civitatis statum in pristinum habitum revocavit,
Val. Max. 4, 1, ext. 4:
Gracchi civitatis statum conati erant convellere,
id. 6, 3, 1 fin.:
Cicero ita legibus Sullae cohaerere statum civitatis affirmat ut his solutis stare ipsa non possit,
Quint. 11, 1, 85:
qui eloquentiā turbaverant civitatium status vel everterant,
id. 2, 16, 4:
id biduum quod de mutando reipublicae statu haesitatum erat,
Suet. Claud. 11:
nec dissimulasse unquam pristinum se reipublicae statum restituturum,
id. ib. 1:
conversus hieme ad ordinandum reipublicae statum, fastos correxit, etc.,
id. Caes. 40:
tu civitatem quis deceat status Curas,
what institutions, Hor. C. 3, 29, 25.—Hence,
4.
Existence of the republic:
quae lex ad imperium, ad majestatem, ad statum patriae, ad salutem omnium pertinet,
Cic. Cael. 29, 70 (= eo, ut stet patria, the country's existence):
si enim status erit aliquis civitatis, quicunque erit,
id. Fam. 4, 14, 4: status enim rei publicae maxime judicatis rebus continetur, the existence of the republic depends on the decisions of the courts, i. e. their sacredness, id. Sull. 22, 63. —
C.
In nature, state, condition, etc.:
incolumitatis ac salutis omnium causā videmus hunc statum esse hujus totius mundi atque naturae,
Cic. Or. 3, 45, 178:
ex alio alius status (i. e. mundi) excipere omnia debet,
Lucr. 5, 829:
ex alio terram status excipit alter,
id. 5, 835:
est etiam quoque pacatus status aëris ille,
id. 3, 292:
non expectato solis ortu, ex quo statum caeli notare gubernatores possent,
Liv. 37, 12, 11:
idem (mare) alio caeli statu recipit in se fretum,
Curt. 6, 4, 19:
incertus status caeli,
Col. 11, 2:
pluvius caeli status,
id. 2, 10:
mitior caeli status,
Sen. Oedip. 1054.—
D.
The characteristic, mark, character, essential feature of a thing.
1.
In gen.:
atque hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum non perturbatis atque permixtis, sed suum statum tenentibus,
preserving their essential features, Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44.—Hence,
2.
Esp. in rhet. jurisp.
(α).
The answer to the action (acc. to Cic., because the defence: primum insistit in eo = the Gr. stasis):
refutatio accusationis appellatur Latine status, in quo primum insistit quasi ad repugnandum congressa defensio,
Cic. Top. 25, 93; so,
statu (sic enim appellamus controversiarum genera),
id. Tusc. 3, 33, 79:
statum quidam dixerunt primam causarum conflictionem,
Quint. 3, 6, 4; cf. Cic. Part. Or. 29, 102.—
(β).
The main question, the essential point:
quod nos statum id quidam constitutionem vocant, alii quaestionem, alii quod ex quaestione appareat, Theodorus caput, ad quod referantur omnia,
Quint. 3, 6, 2:
non est status prima conflictio, sed quod ex primā conflictione nascitur, id est genus quaestionis,
the kind, nature of the question, id. 3, 6, 5; cf. the whole chapter.—
E.
In gram., the mood of the verb, instead of modus, because it distinguishes the conceptions of the speaker:
et tempora et status,
tenses and moods, Quint. 9, 3, 11:
fiunt soloecismi per modos, sive cui status eos dici placet,
id. 1, 5, 41.
► For statu liber, v.
statuliber.

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